diff --git a/app/Console/Commands/BackfillOilPrices.php b/app/Console/Commands/BackfillOilPrices.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f7551a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Console/Commands/BackfillOilPrices.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Console\Commands;
+
+use App\Services\BrentPriceFetcher;
+use App\Services\BrentPriceSources\BrentPriceFetchException;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Description;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Signature;
+use Illuminate\Console\Command;
+
+#[Signature('oil:backfill {--from=2018-01-01 : ISO start date (inclusive)} {--to= : ISO end date (defaults to today, inclusive)}')]
+#[Description('One-shot backfill of historical Brent crude prices from FRED into brent_prices.')]
+class BackfillOilPrices extends Command
+{
+    public function handle(BrentPriceFetcher $fetcher): int
+    {
+        $from = (string) $this->option('from');
+        $to = (string) ($this->option('to') ?: now()->toDateString());
+
+        $this->info("Backfilling Brent ({$from} → {$to}) from FRED...");
+
+        try {
+            $count = $fetcher->backfillFromFred($from, $to);
+            $this->info(sprintf('Upserted %d Brent rows.', $count));
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        } catch (BrentPriceFetchException $e) {
+            $this->error('FRED backfill failed: '.$e->getMessage());
+
+            return self::FAILURE;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Console/Commands/EvaluateVolatilityRegime.php b/app/Console/Commands/EvaluateVolatilityRegime.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50f1c11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Console/Commands/EvaluateVolatilityRegime.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Console\Commands;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\VolatilityRegimeService;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Description;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Signature;
+use Illuminate\Console\Command;
+
+#[Signature('forecast:evaluate-volatility')]
+#[Description('Evaluate the volatility regime triggers and update volatility_regimes accordingly. Hourly cron.')]
+class EvaluateVolatilityRegime extends Command
+{
+    public function handle(VolatilityRegimeService $service): int
+    {
+        $regime = $service->evaluate();
+
+        if ($regime === null) {
+            $this->info('Volatility regime: OFF');
+        } else {
+            $this->info(sprintf(
+                'Volatility regime: ON (trigger=%s, since %s)',
+                $regime->trigger,
+                $regime->flipped_on_at->toIso8601String(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        return self::SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Console/Commands/ImportBeisFuelPrices.php b/app/Console/Commands/ImportBeisFuelPrices.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5cc18b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Console/Commands/ImportBeisFuelPrices.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Console\Commands;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\BeisImporter;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Description;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Signature;
+use Illuminate\Console\Command;
+use Throwable;
+
+#[Signature('beis:import')]
+#[Description('Pull the latest gov.uk Weekly road fuel prices CSV and upsert into weekly_pump_prices.')]
+class ImportBeisFuelPrices extends Command
+{
+    public function handle(BeisImporter $importer): int
+    {
+        try {
+            $result = $importer->import();
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $this->error('BEIS import failed: '.$e->getMessage());
+
+            return self::FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        $this->info(sprintf(
+            'Imported %d rows from %s — latest date: %s.',
+            $result['parsed'],
+            $result['csv_url'],
+            $result['latest_date'],
+        ));
+        $this->info('Forecast cache flushed; next API hit will retrain on the new row.');
+
+        return self::SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Console/Commands/ResolveForecastOutcomes.php b/app/Console/Commands/ResolveForecastOutcomes.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b6a8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Console/Commands/ResolveForecastOutcomes.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Console\Commands;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\OutcomeResolver;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Description;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Signature;
+use Illuminate\Console\Command;
+
+#[Signature('forecast:resolve-outcomes')]
+#[Description('Pair past weekly forecasts with the actual ULSP from BEIS data and write rows to forecast_outcomes.')]
+class ResolveForecastOutcomes extends Command
+{
+    public function handle(OutcomeResolver $resolver): int
+    {
+        $count = $resolver->resolvePending();
+        $this->info(sprintf('Resolved %d outstanding forecast(s).', $count));
+
+        return self::SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Console/Commands/RunLlmOverlay.php b/app/Console/Commands/RunLlmOverlay.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93c0e78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Console/Commands/RunLlmOverlay.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Console\Commands;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LlmOverlayService;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Description;
+use Illuminate\Console\Attributes\Signature;
+use Illuminate\Console\Command;
+
+#[Signature('forecast:llm-overlay {--event-driven : Honor the 4h cooldown (default: false; daily 07:00 cron always runs)}')]
+#[Description('Run the daily Anthropic web-search overlay on the current weekly forecast.')]
+class RunLlmOverlay extends Command
+{
+    public function handle(LlmOverlayService $service): int
+    {
+        $row = $service->run(eventDriven: (bool) $this->option('event-driven'));
+
+        if ($row === null) {
+            $this->warn('LLM overlay skipped (no API key, on cooldown, or rejected for empty citations).');
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        $this->info(sprintf(
+            'Stored llm_overlays #%d — direction=%s confidence=%d major_impact=%s.',
+            $row->id,
+            $row->direction,
+            $row->confidence,
+            $row->major_impact_event ? 'YES' : 'no',
+        ));
+
+        return self::SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Models/Backtest.php b/app/Models/Backtest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79554a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Models/Backtest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use Database\Factories\BacktestFactory;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\Fillable;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+
+#[Fillable([
+    'model_version',
+    'features_json',
+    'coefficients_json',
+    'train_start',
+    'train_end',
+    'eval_start',
+    'eval_end',
+    'directional_accuracy',
+    'mae_pence',
+    'calibration_table',
+    'leak_suspected',
+    'ran_at',
+])]
+class Backtest extends Model
+{
+    /** @use HasFactory<BacktestFactory> */
+    use HasFactory;
+
+    protected function casts(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'features_json' => 'array',
+            'coefficients_json' => 'array',
+            'calibration_table' => 'array',
+            'train_start' => 'date',
+            'train_end' => 'date',
+            'eval_start' => 'date',
+            'eval_end' => 'date',
+            'directional_accuracy' => 'decimal:2',
+            'mae_pence' => 'decimal:2',
+            'leak_suspected' => 'boolean',
+            'ran_at' => 'datetime',
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Models/ForecastOutcome.php b/app/Models/ForecastOutcome.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..501a064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Models/ForecastOutcome.php
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\Fillable;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+
+#[Fillable([
+    'forecast_for',
+    'model_version',
+    'predicted_class',
+    'actual_class',
+    'correct',
+    'abs_error_pence',
+    'resolved_at',
+])]
+class ForecastOutcome extends Model
+{
+    public $timestamps = false;
+
+    public $incrementing = false;
+
+    protected $primaryKey = 'forecast_for';
+
+    protected $keyType = 'string';
+
+    protected function casts(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'forecast_for' => 'date',
+            'correct' => 'boolean',
+            'abs_error_pence' => 'integer',
+            'resolved_at' => 'datetime',
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Models/LlmOverlay.php b/app/Models/LlmOverlay.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa2a244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Models/LlmOverlay.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\Fillable;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+
+#[Fillable([
+    'ran_at',
+    'forecast_for_week',
+    'direction',
+    'confidence',
+    'reasoning',
+    'events_json',
+    'agrees_with_ridge',
+    'major_impact_event',
+    'volatility_flag_on',
+    'search_used',
+])]
+class LlmOverlay extends Model
+{
+    protected function casts(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'ran_at' => 'datetime',
+            'forecast_for_week' => 'date',
+            'confidence' => 'integer',
+            'events_json' => 'array',
+            'agrees_with_ridge' => 'boolean',
+            'major_impact_event' => 'boolean',
+            'volatility_flag_on' => 'boolean',
+            'search_used' => 'boolean',
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Models/VolatilityRegime.php b/app/Models/VolatilityRegime.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9abba7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Models/VolatilityRegime.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\Fillable;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+
+#[Fillable([
+    'flipped_on_at',
+    'flipped_off_at',
+    'trigger',
+    'trigger_detail',
+    'active',
+])]
+class VolatilityRegime extends Model
+{
+    protected function casts(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'flipped_on_at' => 'datetime',
+            'flipped_off_at' => 'datetime',
+            'active' => 'boolean',
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public static function currentlyActive(): ?self
+    {
+        return static::query()->where('active', true)->orderByDesc('flipped_on_at')->first();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Models/WatchedEvent.php b/app/Models/WatchedEvent.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6531f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Models/WatchedEvent.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\Fillable;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+
+#[Fillable([
+    'label',
+    'starts_at',
+    'ends_at',
+    'notes',
+])]
+class WatchedEvent extends Model
+{
+    protected function casts(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'starts_at' => 'datetime',
+            'ends_at' => 'datetime',
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Models/WeeklyForecast.php b/app/Models/WeeklyForecast.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48bf305
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Models/WeeklyForecast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\Fillable;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+
+#[Fillable([
+    'forecast_for',
+    'model_version',
+    'direction',
+    'magnitude_pence',
+    'ridge_confidence',
+    'flagged_duty_change',
+    'reasoning',
+    'generated_at',
+])]
+class WeeklyForecast extends Model
+{
+    protected function casts(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'forecast_for' => 'date',
+            'magnitude_pence' => 'integer',
+            'ridge_confidence' => 'integer',
+            'flagged_duty_change' => 'boolean',
+            'generated_at' => 'datetime',
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/BrentPriceFetcher.php b/app/Services/BrentPriceFetcher.php
index b4bb901..80d2644 100644
--- a/app/Services/BrentPriceFetcher.php
+++ b/app/Services/BrentPriceFetcher.php
@@ -41,4 +41,24 @@ final readonly class BrentPriceFetcher
 
         BrentPrice::upsert($rows, ['date'], ['price_usd']);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * One-shot Brent backfill via FRED's observation_start/end. Used to
+     * seed `brent_prices` going back to 2018 so Phase 9's volatility
+     * detector and Phase 8's LLM overlay have proper context.
+     *
+     * @return int rows inserted/updated
+     */
+    public function backfillFromFred(string $from, string $to): int
+    {
+        $rows = $this->fred->fetchRange($from, $to);
+
+        if ($rows === null) {
+            throw new BrentPriceFetchException("FRED backfill ({$from} → {$to}) returned no data");
+        }
+
+        BrentPrice::upsert($rows, ['date'], ['price_usd']);
+
+        return count($rows);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/app/Services/BrentPriceSources/FredBrentPriceSource.php b/app/Services/BrentPriceSources/FredBrentPriceSource.php
index 779b38e..b270d1b 100644
--- a/app/Services/BrentPriceSources/FredBrentPriceSource.php
+++ b/app/Services/BrentPriceSources/FredBrentPriceSource.php
@@ -21,17 +21,50 @@ final class FredBrentPriceSource
      */
     public function fetch(): ?array
     {
+        return $this->call([
+            'sort_order' => 'desc',
+            'limit' => 30,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Backfill range (inclusive). FRED's `observation_start` /
+     * `observation_end` parameters expect ISO dates (YYYY-MM-DD).
+     * Returns null when the range is empty (e.g. all weekends/holidays).
+     *
+     * @return array{date: string, price_usd: float}[]|null
+     *
+     * @throws BrentPriceFetchException
+     */
+    public function fetchRange(string $from, string $to): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->call([
+            'observation_start' => $from,
+            'observation_end' => $to,
+            'sort_order' => 'asc',
+            'limit' => 100000,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param  array<string, scalar>  $extraParams
+     * @return array{date: string, price_usd: float}[]|null
+     *
+     * @throws BrentPriceFetchException
+     */
+    private function call(array $extraParams): ?array
+    {
+        $params = array_merge([
+            'series_id' => 'DCOILBRENTEU',
+            'api_key' => config('services.fred.api_key'),
+            'file_type' => 'json',
+        ], $extraParams);
+
         try {
-            $response = $this->apiLogger->send('fred', 'GET', self::URL, fn () => Http::timeout(30)
+            $response = $this->apiLogger->send('fred', 'GET', self::URL, fn () => Http::timeout(60)
                 ->retry(3, 200, fn (Throwable $e) => $this->shouldRetry($e))
                 ->throw()
-                ->get(self::URL, [
-                    'series_id' => 'DCOILBRENTEU',
-                    'api_key' => config('services.fred.api_key'),
-                    'sort_order' => 'desc',
-                    'limit' => 30,
-                    'file_type' => 'json',
-                ]));
+                ->get(self::URL, $params));
         } catch (ConnectionException $e) {
             throw new BrentPriceFetchException("FRED connection failed: {$e->getMessage()}", previous: $e);
         } catch (RequestException $e) {
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/AccuracyHistory.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/AccuracyHistory.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf56522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/AccuracyHistory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+/**
+ * Trailing-13-week hit rate for a model_version. Read from
+ * `forecast_outcomes`. Returns null when fewer than 4 outcomes are
+ * available (a single bad week would otherwise dominate the ratio).
+ */
+final class AccuracyHistory
+{
+    private const int WEEKS = 13;
+
+    private const int MIN_OUTCOMES = 4;
+
+    public function trailingHitRate(string $modelVersion): ?float
+    {
+        $cutoff = Carbon::now()->subWeeks(self::WEEKS)->toDateString();
+
+        $row = DB::table('forecast_outcomes')
+            ->where('model_version', $modelVersion)
+            ->where('forecast_for', '>=', $cutoff)
+            ->selectRaw('COUNT(*) as total, SUM(CASE WHEN correct THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as correct')
+            ->first();
+
+        $total = (int) ($row->total ?? 0);
+        if ($total < self::MIN_OUTCOMES) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (int) ($row->correct ?? 0) / $total;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/BacktestRunner.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/BacktestRunner.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b9e892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/BacktestRunner.php
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Models\Backtest;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\WeeklyForecastModel;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+/**
+ * Runs a WeeklyForecastModel through a train/eval split and persists
+ * the result to the `backtests` table.
+ *
+ * Pipeline:
+ *   1. Generate the training and eval Monday lists from the date ranges.
+ *   2. Run LeakDetector against every Monday × every feature. Refuse to
+ *      train if any source date is on or after a target Monday.
+ *   3. Train the model.
+ *   4. For each eval Monday: predict, look up actual ΔULSP from
+ *      `weekly_pump_prices`, score directional accuracy + abs error.
+ *   5. Persist a Backtest row, return it.
+ *
+ * The `leak_suspected` flag is a *secondary* smell test (true when
+ * directional_accuracy > 75). Primary leak defence is step 2.
+ */
+final class BacktestRunner
+{
+    private const float FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 = 20.0; // 0.2 p/L
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly LeakDetector $leakDetector = new LeakDetector,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function run(
+        WeeklyForecastModel $model,
+        CarbonInterface $trainStart,
+        CarbonInterface $trainEnd,
+        CarbonInterface $evalStart,
+        CarbonInterface $evalEnd,
+    ): Backtest {
+        $trainingMondays = $this->mondaysBetween($trainStart, $trainEnd);
+        $evalMondays = $this->mondaysBetween($evalStart, $evalEnd);
+
+        $spec = $model->featureSpec();
+        $report = $this->leakDetector->validate($spec, [...$trainingMondays, ...$evalMondays]);
+        if ($report->hasLeaks()) {
+            throw new LeakDetectorException($report);
+        }
+
+        $model->train($trainingMondays);
+
+        $correct = 0;
+        $totalScored = 0;
+        $absErrors = [];
+        $bins = [];
+
+        foreach ($evalMondays as $monday) {
+            $actualDelta = $this->actualDeltaPence($monday);
+            if ($actualDelta === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $prediction = $model->predict($monday);
+            $actualDirection = $this->classifyDirection($actualDelta);
+            $hit = $prediction->direction === $actualDirection;
+
+            $totalScored++;
+            $absErrors[] = abs($prediction->magnitudePence - $actualDelta);
+            if ($hit) {
+                $correct++;
+            }
+
+            $bin = $this->bucketForMagnitude($prediction->magnitudePence);
+            $bins[$bin] ??= ['correct' => 0, 'total' => 0];
+            $bins[$bin]['total']++;
+            if ($hit) {
+                $bins[$bin]['correct']++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $directionalAccuracy = $totalScored === 0
+            ? null
+            : round(($correct / $totalScored) * 100, 2);
+
+        $maePence = $absErrors === []
+            ? null
+            : round((array_sum($absErrors) / count($absErrors)) / 100, 2);
+
+        $calibrationTable = [];
+        foreach ($bins as $key => $b) {
+            $calibrationTable[$key] = round($b['correct'] / $b['total'], 4);
+        }
+
+        return Backtest::create([
+            'model_version' => $spec->modelVersion(),
+            'features_json' => $spec->toArray(),
+            'coefficients_json' => $model->coefficients(),
+            'train_start' => $trainStart->toDateString(),
+            'train_end' => $trainEnd->toDateString(),
+            'eval_start' => $evalStart->toDateString(),
+            'eval_end' => $evalEnd->toDateString(),
+            'directional_accuracy' => $directionalAccuracy,
+            'mae_pence' => $maePence,
+            'calibration_table' => $calibrationTable,
+            'leak_suspected' => $directionalAccuracy !== null && $directionalAccuracy > 75.0,
+            'ran_at' => now(),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<int, CarbonInterface> */
+    private function mondaysBetween(CarbonInterface $start, CarbonInterface $end): array
+    {
+        $mondays = [];
+        $cursor = $start->copy()->startOfDay();
+        $boundary = $end->copy()->startOfDay();
+
+        while ($cursor->lessThanOrEqualTo($boundary)) {
+            if ($cursor->dayOfWeek === CarbonInterface::MONDAY) {
+                $mondays[] = $cursor->copy();
+            }
+            $cursor = $cursor->addDay();
+        }
+
+        return $mondays;
+    }
+
+    private function actualDeltaPence(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float
+    {
+        $current = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')
+            ->where('date', $targetMonday->toDateString())
+            ->value('ulsp_pence');
+        $previous = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')
+            ->where('date', $targetMonday->copy()->subDays(7)->toDateString())
+            ->value('ulsp_pence');
+
+        if ($current === null || $previous === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (float) ($current - $previous);
+    }
+
+    private function classifyDirection(float $deltaPence): string
+    {
+        return match (true) {
+            $deltaPence > self::FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 => 'rising',
+            $deltaPence < -self::FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 => 'falling',
+            default => 'flat',
+        };
+    }
+
+    private function bucketForMagnitude(float $magnitudePence): string
+    {
+        $abs = abs($magnitudePence);
+
+        return match (true) {
+            $abs < 50.0 => '0.0-0.5p',
+            $abs < 100.0 => '0.5-1.0p',
+            default => '1.0p+',
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/BeisImporter.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/BeisImporter.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38222e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/BeisImporter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use DateTime;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Pulls the latest "Weekly road fuel prices (CSV) 2018 to 2026"
+ * attachment from gov.uk's content API and upserts into
+ * `weekly_pump_prices`.
+ *
+ * Idempotent: re-running on a day with no new publication is a no-op
+ * (rows match by primary key `date`, content is unchanged).
+ *
+ * The forecast cache is busted at the end so the next API hit retrains
+ * the ridge model on the fresh row.
+ */
+final class BeisImporter
+{
+    private const string API_URL = 'https://www.gov.uk/api/content/government/statistics/weekly-road-fuel-prices';
+
+    private const string ATTACHMENT_TITLE = 'Weekly road fuel prices (CSV) 2018 to 2026';
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{
+     *   csv_url: string,
+     *   parsed: int,
+     *   upserted: int,
+     *   latest_date: string,
+     * }
+     */
+    public function import(): array
+    {
+        $url = $this->resolveCsvUrl();
+        $csv = $this->downloadCsv($url);
+        $rows = $this->parse($csv);
+
+        if ($rows === []) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('BEIS CSV parsed empty — check delimiter / encoding');
+        }
+
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->upsert(
+            $rows,
+            ['date'],
+            ['ulsp_pence', 'ulsd_pence', 'ulsp_duty_pence', 'ulsd_duty_pence', 'ulsp_vat_pct', 'ulsd_vat_pct'],
+        );
+
+        Cache::flush();
+
+        $latest = (string) collect($rows)->pluck('date')->sortDesc()->first();
+
+        return [
+            'csv_url' => $url,
+            'parsed' => count($rows),
+            'upserted' => count($rows),
+            'latest_date' => $latest,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function resolveCsvUrl(): string
+    {
+        $response = Http::timeout(15)->acceptJson()->get(self::API_URL);
+        $response->throw();
+
+        $attachments = $response->json('details.attachments', []);
+        foreach ($attachments as $a) {
+            if (($a['title'] ?? null) === self::ATTACHMENT_TITLE) {
+                $url = $a['url'] ?? null;
+                if (! is_string($url) || $url === '') {
+                    throw new RuntimeException('BEIS attachment had empty URL');
+                }
+
+                return $url;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new RuntimeException(sprintf(
+            'gov.uk content API did not return an attachment titled %s',
+            self::ATTACHMENT_TITLE,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function downloadCsv(string $url): string
+    {
+        $response = Http::timeout(60)->get($url);
+        $response->throw();
+
+        return $response->body();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<int, array<string, int|string>>
+     */
+    private function parse(string $csv): array
+    {
+        $rows = [];
+        $lines = preg_split('/\r\n|\r|\n/', $csv);
+        if ($lines === false || count($lines) < 2) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        // Skip header.
+        array_shift($lines);
+
+        foreach ($lines as $line) {
+            $line = trim($line);
+            if ($line === '') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $cols = str_getcsv($line, escape: '\\');
+            if (count($cols) < 7) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $date = DateTime::createFromFormat('d/m/Y', trim($cols[0]));
+            if ($date === false) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $rows[] = [
+                'date' => $date->format('Y-m-d'),
+                'ulsp_pence' => (int) round(((float) $cols[1]) * 100),
+                'ulsd_pence' => (int) round(((float) $cols[2]) * 100),
+                'ulsp_duty_pence' => (int) round(((float) $cols[3]) * 100),
+                'ulsd_duty_pence' => (int) round(((float) $cols[4]) * 100),
+                'ulsp_vat_pct' => (int) $cols[5],
+                'ulsd_vat_pct' => (int) $cols[6],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $rows;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Contracts/ForecastFeature.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Contracts/ForecastFeature.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed70c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Contracts/ForecastFeature.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts;
+
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * A single feature in a weekly forecast model.
+ *
+ * Implementations must be deterministic for a given target Monday and
+ * must declare every source date they read so the LeakDetector can
+ * verify no source date is on or after the target Monday.
+ */
+interface ForecastFeature
+{
+    public function name(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Feature value at $targetMonday, or null when an upstream data
+     * row is missing. Caller is expected to drop the entire feature
+     * vector when any single feature is null.
+     */
+    public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float;
+
+    /**
+     * Every date this feature reads from any data source for a given
+     * target Monday. The LeakDetector requires every returned date to
+     * be strictly before $targetMonday.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, CarbonInterface>
+     */
+    public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array;
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Contracts/WeeklyForecastModel.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Contracts/WeeklyForecastModel.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ad23e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Contracts/WeeklyForecastModel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\FeatureSpec;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPrediction;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Contract every weekly forecaster must satisfy. The harness consumes
+ * this interface — naive baselines, ridge regression, and any future
+ * model all implement it.
+ */
+interface WeeklyForecastModel
+{
+    public function featureSpec(): FeatureSpec;
+
+    /**
+     * Train on the supplied weeks. Implementations may store coefficients
+     * internally for the subsequent predict() calls.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, CarbonInterface>  $trainingMondays
+     */
+    public function train(array $trainingMondays): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Predict ΔULSP for the week starting $targetMonday. Returned value
+     * is in pence × 100 (integer-ish, but typed float for fractional
+     * predictions).
+     */
+    public function predict(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): WeeklyPrediction;
+
+    /**
+     * Coefficients in a JSON-serialisable form, or null for non-parametric
+     * models like the naive baseline.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|null
+     */
+    public function coefficients(): ?array;
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/DutyChangeDetector.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/DutyChangeDetector.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75849e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/DutyChangeDetector.php
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+/**
+ * Flags forecast weeks that fall within ±4 weeks of a known UK fuel
+ * duty change. Per the spec calibration override (n=1), the displayed
+ * confidence on flagged weeks is halved and the reasoning text says so.
+ */
+final class DutyChangeDetector
+{
+    public const int FLAG_RADIUS_WEEKS = 4;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the target Monday is within ±4 weeks of any
+     * change in `weekly_pump_prices.ulsp_duty_pence`.
+     */
+    public function isAdjacent(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): bool
+    {
+        $start = $targetMonday->copy()->subWeeks(self::FLAG_RADIUS_WEEKS)->toDateString();
+        $end = $targetMonday->copy()->addWeeks(self::FLAG_RADIUS_WEEKS)->toDateString();
+
+        $rows = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')
+            ->whereBetween('date', [$start, $end])
+            ->orderBy('date')
+            ->get(['date', 'ulsp_duty_pence']);
+
+        if ($rows->count() < 2) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $previous = null;
+        foreach ($rows as $r) {
+            if ($previous !== null && (int) $r->ulsp_duty_pence !== $previous) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            $previous = (int) $r->ulsp_duty_pence;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/FeatureSpec.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/FeatureSpec.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..144f4c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/FeatureSpec.php
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable list of features a model uses, plus a deterministic hash
+ * for audit linking on backtests.model_version.
+ *
+ * Two FeatureSpec instances with the same feature names + same model
+ * label produce the same hash, so retraining the same model
+ * configuration overwrites the same `backtests` row (via UNIQUE on
+ * model_version).
+ */
+final readonly class FeatureSpec
+{
+    /** @param array<int, ForecastFeature> $features */
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $modelLabel,
+        public array $features,
+    ) {
+        foreach ($features as $f) {
+            if (! $f instanceof ForecastFeature) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Every spec entry must implement ForecastFeature');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<int, string> */
+    public function names(): array
+    {
+        return array_map(fn (ForecastFeature $f): string => $f->name(), $this->features);
+    }
+
+    public function modelVersion(): string
+    {
+        $names = $this->names();
+        sort($names);
+        $hash = substr(sha1(json_encode($names, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR)), 0, 12);
+
+        return $this->modelLabel.'-'.$hash;
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{model_label: string, features: array<int, string>} */
+    public function toArray(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'model_label' => $this->modelLabel,
+            'features' => $this->names(),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/DeltaUlsdLag.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/DeltaUlsdLag.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd7b32a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/DeltaUlsdLag.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Features;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * ΔULSD at lag L. Cross-fuel signal — diesel often leads/lags petrol
+ * during oil shocks. Same lag semantics as DeltaUlspLag.
+ */
+final class DeltaUlsdLag implements ForecastFeature
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly WeeklyPumpPriceLoader $loader,
+        public readonly int $lag,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function name(): string
+    {
+        return 'delta_ulsd_lag_'.$this->lag;
+    }
+
+    public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float
+    {
+        [$newer, $older] = $this->dates($targetMonday);
+        $a = $this->loader->ulsdPence($newer->toDateString());
+        $b = $this->loader->ulsdPence($older->toDateString());
+        if ($a === null || $b === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (float) ($a - $b);
+    }
+
+    public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+    {
+        return $this->dates($targetMonday);
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{0: CarbonInterface, 1: CarbonInterface} */
+    private function dates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+    {
+        return [
+            $targetMonday->copy()->subDays(7 * ($this->lag + 1)),
+            $targetMonday->copy()->subDays(7 * ($this->lag + 2)),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/DeltaUlspLag.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/DeltaUlspLag.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6222c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/DeltaUlspLag.php
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Features;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * ΔULSP at lag L: the change in petrol price that ended L weeks before
+ * the most recent observation, in pence × 100.
+ *
+ * lag=0 → ULSP[t-7d] − ULSP[t-14d]   (1-week momentum)
+ * lag=1 → ULSP[t-14d] − ULSP[t-21d]  (2-week momentum)
+ * lag=3 → ULSP[t-28d] − ULSP[t-35d]  (4-week momentum)
+ *
+ * Source dates are always strictly before the target Monday — the
+ * earliest is target − 7×(lag+1), the older is target − 7×(lag+2).
+ */
+final class DeltaUlspLag implements ForecastFeature
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly WeeklyPumpPriceLoader $loader,
+        public readonly int $lag,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function name(): string
+    {
+        return 'delta_ulsp_lag_'.$this->lag;
+    }
+
+    public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float
+    {
+        [$newer, $older] = $this->dates($targetMonday);
+        $a = $this->loader->ulspPence($newer->toDateString());
+        $b = $this->loader->ulspPence($older->toDateString());
+        if ($a === null || $b === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (float) ($a - $b);
+    }
+
+    public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+    {
+        return $this->dates($targetMonday);
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{0: CarbonInterface, 1: CarbonInterface} */
+    private function dates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+    {
+        return [
+            $targetMonday->copy()->subDays(7 * ($this->lag + 1)),
+            $targetMonday->copy()->subDays(7 * ($this->lag + 2)),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/IsPreBankHoliday.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/IsPreBankHoliday.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d29b633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/IsPreBankHoliday.php
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Features;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\UkBankHolidays;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * 1.0 if any UK bank holiday falls in the 7-day window starting at the
+ * target Monday; 0.0 otherwise.
+ *
+ * Captures pre-holiday demand spikes (Easter, summer, Christmas
+ * weekend). Pure calendar — no DB read, sourceDates is empty.
+ */
+final class IsPreBankHoliday implements ForecastFeature
+{
+    public function name(): string
+    {
+        return 'is_pre_bank_holiday';
+    }
+
+    public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float
+    {
+        return UkBankHolidays::holidayWithin($targetMonday, 7) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    }
+
+    public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/UlspMinusMa8.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/UlspMinusMa8.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df1f5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/UlspMinusMa8.php
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Features;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Mean-reversion term: gap between the most recent observable ULSP
+ * (target − 7d) and its 8-week trailing mean (target − 7d through
+ * target − 56d, inclusive).
+ *
+ * Empirically this is the single most useful 1-week-ahead feature for
+ * UK pump prices — pump retailers tend to revert to their recent
+ * trailing mean, especially after sudden moves.
+ */
+final class UlspMinusMa8 implements ForecastFeature
+{
+    private const int WINDOW_WEEKS = 8;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly WeeklyPumpPriceLoader $loader,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function name(): string
+    {
+        return 'ulsp_minus_ma8';
+    }
+
+    public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float
+    {
+        $values = [];
+        foreach ($this->sourceDates($targetMonday) as $d) {
+            $v = $this->loader->ulspPence($d->toDateString());
+            if ($v === null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            $values[] = (float) $v;
+        }
+
+        $latest = $values[0];
+        $mean = array_sum($values) / count($values);
+
+        return $latest - $mean;
+    }
+
+    public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+    {
+        $dates = [];
+        for ($w = 1; $w <= self::WINDOW_WEEKS; $w++) {
+            $dates[] = $targetMonday->copy()->subDays(7 * $w);
+        }
+
+        return $dates;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/WeekOfYearTrig.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/WeekOfYearTrig.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a47edca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Features/WeekOfYearTrig.php
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Features;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Cyclic week-of-year encoding. Two instances expected, one for sin and
+ * one for cos. Together they let the linear model fit a smooth annual
+ * seasonal cycle without a 52-way one-hot expansion.
+ *
+ * This is a pure calendar feature — no DB read. sourceDates is empty,
+ * so the LeakDetector has nothing to validate against.
+ */
+final class WeekOfYearTrig implements ForecastFeature
+{
+    public function __construct(public readonly string $component)
+    {
+        if (! in_array($component, ['sin', 'cos'], true)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('component must be "sin" or "cos"');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function name(): string
+    {
+        return 'week_of_year_'.$this->component;
+    }
+
+    public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float
+    {
+        $week = (int) $targetMonday->format('W'); // ISO week number 1..53
+        $angle = 2.0 * M_PI * $week / 52.0;
+
+        return $this->component === 'sin' ? sin($angle) : cos($angle);
+    }
+
+    public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetector.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetector.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4c8113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetector.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Structural time-leak detector.
+ *
+ * For every (training week, feature) pair, verifies that every source
+ * date the feature reads is strictly before the target Monday. A
+ * source date on or after the target Monday is leakage and the
+ * backtest harness must refuse to run.
+ *
+ * This is the *primary* leak defence. The accuracy>75% smell test on
+ * the resulting backtest is a secondary check.
+ */
+final class LeakDetector
+{
+    /** @param array<int, CarbonInterface> $trainingMondays */
+    public function validate(FeatureSpec $spec, array $trainingMondays): LeakReport
+    {
+        $leaks = [];
+
+        foreach ($trainingMondays as $target) {
+            foreach ($spec->features as $feature) {
+                foreach ($feature->sourceDates($target) as $source) {
+                    if ($source->greaterThanOrEqualTo($target)) {
+                        $leaks[] = [
+                            'feature' => $feature->name(),
+                            'target_monday' => $target->toDateString(),
+                            'source_date' => $source->toDateString(),
+                        ];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new LeakReport($leaks);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetectorException.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetectorException.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd9d939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetectorException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class LeakDetectorException extends RuntimeException
+{
+    public function __construct(public readonly LeakReport $report)
+    {
+        $count = count($report->leaks);
+        $first = $report->leaks[0] ?? null;
+        $sample = $first === null
+            ? ''
+            : sprintf(' First: feature "%s" reads %s for target %s.', $first['feature'], $first['source_date'], $first['target_monday']);
+
+        parent::__construct(sprintf('Structural time leak detected in %d feature value(s).%s', $count, $sample));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakReport.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakReport.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e72657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/LeakReport.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+/**
+ * Result of a LeakDetector::validate() run.
+ *
+ * Each entry in $leaks is shape:
+ *   { feature: string, target_monday: 'Y-m-d', source_date: 'Y-m-d' }
+ */
+final readonly class LeakReport
+{
+    /** @param array<int, array{feature: string, target_monday: string, source_date: string}> $leaks */
+    public function __construct(public array $leaks) {}
+
+    public function hasLeaks(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->leaks !== [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/LinearAlgebra.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/LinearAlgebra.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22c1517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/LinearAlgebra.php
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Pure-PHP linear algebra used by RidgeRegressionModel.
+ *
+ * Matrices are array<int, array<int, float>>. Vectors are array<int, float>.
+ * Sized for the v1 ridge model (435 × 8); Gauss–Jordan with partial
+ * pivoting is plenty for inverting the 8 × 8 normal-equation matrix.
+ */
+final class LinearAlgebra
+{
+    /**
+     * Transpose. m is rows × cols → result is cols × rows.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, array<int, float>>  $m
+     * @return array<int, array<int, float>>
+     */
+    public static function transpose(array $m): array
+    {
+        $rows = count($m);
+        if ($rows === 0) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        $cols = count($m[0]);
+        $out = array_fill(0, $cols, array_fill(0, $rows, 0.0));
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $rows; $i++) {
+            for ($j = 0; $j < $cols; $j++) {
+                $out[$j][$i] = $m[$i][$j];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Matrix multiply. a (r×k) * b (k×c) → r×c.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, array<int, float>>  $a
+     * @param  array<int, array<int, float>>  $b
+     * @return array<int, array<int, float>>
+     */
+    public static function multiply(array $a, array $b): array
+    {
+        $r = count($a);
+        $k = count($a[0] ?? []);
+        $c = count($b[0] ?? []);
+        if (count($b) !== $k) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Matrix multiply dimension mismatch');
+        }
+        $out = array_fill(0, $r, array_fill(0, $c, 0.0));
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $r; $i++) {
+            for ($j = 0; $j < $c; $j++) {
+                $sum = 0.0;
+                for ($p = 0; $p < $k; $p++) {
+                    $sum += $a[$i][$p] * $b[$p][$j];
+                }
+                $out[$i][$j] = $sum;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Matrix × vector. a (r×k) * v (k) → r-vector.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, array<int, float>>  $a
+     * @param  array<int, float>  $v
+     * @return array<int, float>
+     */
+    public static function multiplyVector(array $a, array $v): array
+    {
+        $r = count($a);
+        $k = count($v);
+        if (count($a[0] ?? []) !== $k) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Matrix × vector dimension mismatch');
+        }
+        $out = array_fill(0, $r, 0.0);
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $r; $i++) {
+            $sum = 0.0;
+            for ($p = 0; $p < $k; $p++) {
+                $sum += $a[$i][$p] * $v[$p];
+            }
+            $out[$i] = $sum;
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Identity matrix of size n.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, array<int, float>>
+     */
+    public static function identity(int $n): array
+    {
+        $out = array_fill(0, $n, array_fill(0, $n, 0.0));
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
+            $out[$i][$i] = 1.0;
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Solve A x = b using Gauss–Jordan elimination with partial pivoting.
+     * A is square n×n. Returns x as an n-vector.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, array<int, float>>  $A
+     * @param  array<int, float>  $b
+     * @return array<int, float>
+     */
+    public static function solve(array $A, array $b): array
+    {
+        $n = count($A);
+        if (count($b) !== $n) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('solve: RHS dimension mismatch');
+        }
+        // Build augmented matrix.
+        $aug = [];
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
+            $aug[$i] = array_merge($A[$i], [$b[$i]]);
+        }
+
+        for ($col = 0; $col < $n; $col++) {
+            // Partial pivot: find row with largest |value| in this column.
+            $pivot = $col;
+            $best = abs($aug[$col][$col]);
+            for ($r = $col + 1; $r < $n; $r++) {
+                $v = abs($aug[$r][$col]);
+                if ($v > $best) {
+                    $best = $v;
+                    $pivot = $r;
+                }
+            }
+            if ($best < 1e-12) {
+                throw new RuntimeException('solve: matrix is singular or near-singular');
+            }
+            if ($pivot !== $col) {
+                [$aug[$col], $aug[$pivot]] = [$aug[$pivot], $aug[$col]];
+            }
+            // Normalise pivot row.
+            $div = $aug[$col][$col];
+            for ($j = 0; $j <= $n; $j++) {
+                $aug[$col][$j] /= $div;
+            }
+            // Eliminate this column from every other row.
+            for ($r = 0; $r < $n; $r++) {
+                if ($r === $col) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                $factor = $aug[$r][$col];
+                if ($factor === 0.0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for ($j = 0; $j <= $n; $j++) {
+                    $aug[$r][$j] -= $factor * $aug[$col][$j];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $x = array_fill(0, $n, 0.0);
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
+            $x[$i] = $aug[$i][$n];
+        }
+
+        return $x;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ridge solve: β = (XᵀX + λI) ⁻¹ Xᵀy.
+     *
+     * λ is applied to all coefficients. Caller should standardise X and
+     * centre y before calling, then add intercept back externally — the
+     * intercept must NOT be regularised.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, array<int, float>>  $X
+     * @param  array<int, float>  $y
+     * @return array<int, float>
+     */
+    public static function ridgeSolve(array $X, array $y, float $lambda): array
+    {
+        $Xt = self::transpose($X);
+        $XtX = self::multiply($Xt, $X);
+
+        $n = count($XtX);
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
+            $XtX[$i][$i] += $lambda;
+        }
+
+        $Xty = self::multiplyVector($Xt, $y);
+
+        return self::solve($XtX, $Xty);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/LlmOverlayService.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/LlmOverlayService.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c776f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/LlmOverlayService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Models\BrentPrice;
+use App\Models\LlmOverlay;
+use App\Models\VolatilityRegime;
+use App\Services\ApiLogger;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Layer 4 — daily news-aware overlay on the calibrated ridge forecast.
+ *
+ * Calls Anthropic Haiku with the web_search tool, then forces a
+ * submit_overlay tool call to get structured output. Cites events with
+ * URLs; URLs are verified before storing. Empty citations → rejection.
+ *
+ * Read-only with respect to the volatility flag — Layer 4 writes its
+ * `llm_overlays` row; Layer 5's hourly cron picks it up and decides
+ * whether to flip the regime.
+ */
+final class LlmOverlayService
+{
+    private const string URL = 'https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages';
+
+    private const int CONFIDENCE_CAP = 75;
+
+    private const int COOLDOWN_HOURS = 4;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly ApiLogger $apiLogger,
+        private readonly WeeklyForecastService $weeklyForecast,
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Run an overlay generation. $eventDriven=true respects the 4-hour
+     * cooldown; the daily 07:00 cron passes false to always run.
+     */
+    public function run(bool $eventDriven = false): ?LlmOverlay
+    {
+        if ($this->apiKey() === null) {
+            Log::info('LlmOverlayService: no ANTHROPIC_API_KEY, skipping');
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($eventDriven && $this->onCooldown()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $forecast = $this->weeklyForecast->currentForecast();
+        $context = $this->buildContext($forecast);
+
+        $rawResult = $this->callAnthropic($context);
+        if ($rawResult === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $verifiedEvents = $this->verifyCitedUrls($rawResult['events_cited'] ?? []);
+        if ($verifiedEvents === []) {
+            Log::warning('LlmOverlayService: no verified citations, rejecting overlay');
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $confidence = max(0, min(self::CONFIDENCE_CAP, (int) ($rawResult['confidence'] ?? 0)));
+        $direction = $rawResult['direction'] ?? 'flat';
+        $agreesWithRidge = $direction === $this->ridgeDirection($forecast['predicted_direction']);
+
+        return LlmOverlay::query()->create([
+            'ran_at' => now(),
+            'forecast_for_week' => $this->upcomingMondayDateString(),
+            'direction' => $direction,
+            'confidence' => $confidence,
+            'reasoning' => (string) ($rawResult['reasoning_short'] ?? ''),
+            'events_json' => $verifiedEvents,
+            'agrees_with_ridge' => $agreesWithRidge,
+            'major_impact_event' => (bool) ($rawResult['major_impact_event'] ?? false),
+            'volatility_flag_on' => VolatilityRegime::currentlyActive() !== null,
+            'search_used' => true,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    private function onCooldown(): bool
+    {
+        $latest = LlmOverlay::query()->orderByDesc('ran_at')->first();
+
+        return $latest !== null
+            && $latest->ran_at->greaterThanOrEqualTo(now()->subHours(self::COOLDOWN_HOURS));
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<string, mixed> */
+    private function buildContext(array $forecast): array
+    {
+        $ulspWeekly = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')
+            ->orderByDesc('date')
+            ->limit(8)
+            ->get(['date', 'ulsp_pence'])
+            ->reverse()
+            ->map(fn ($r): array => ['date' => (string) $r->date, 'ulsp_pence' => round((int) $r->ulsp_pence / 100, 1)])
+            ->values()
+            ->all();
+
+        $brentRecent = BrentPrice::query()
+            ->orderByDesc('date')
+            ->limit(14)
+            ->get(['date', 'price_usd'])
+            ->reverse()
+            ->map(fn (BrentPrice $r): array => ['date' => (string) $r->date->toDateString(), 'price_usd' => (float) $r->price_usd])
+            ->values()
+            ->all();
+
+        return [
+            'ulsp_recent_8_weeks' => $ulspWeekly,
+            'brent_recent_14_days' => $brentRecent,
+            'ridge_model_says' => [
+                'direction' => $forecast['predicted_direction'] ?? 'stable',
+                'confidence' => $forecast['confidence_score'] ?? 0,
+                'magnitude_pence' => $forecast['predicted_change_pence'] ?? 0,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<string, mixed>|null */
+    private function callAnthropic(array $context): ?array
+    {
+        $messages = [['role' => 'user', 'content' => $this->prompt($context)]];
+
+        try {
+            // Phase 1: web search loop
+            for ($i = 0, $response = null; $i < 5; $i++) {
+                $response = $this->apiLogger->send('anthropic', 'POST', self::URL, fn () => Http::timeout(45)
+                    ->withHeaders($this->headers())
+                    ->post(self::URL, [
+                        'model' => config('services.anthropic.model', 'claude-haiku-4-5-20251001'),
+                        'max_tokens' => 1024,
+                        'tools' => [['type' => 'web_search_20250305', 'name' => 'web_search']],
+                        'messages' => $messages,
+                    ]));
+
+                if (! $response->successful()) {
+                    Log::error('LlmOverlayService: search request failed', ['status' => $response->status()]);
+
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                if ($response->json('stop_reason') !== 'pause_turn') {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $messages[] = ['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => $response->json('content')];
+            }
+
+            $messages[] = ['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => $response->json('content')];
+            $messages[] = ['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'Now submit your overlay using the submit_overlay tool. Cite at least one event with a URL.'];
+
+            // Phase 2: forced structured output
+            $submitResponse = $this->apiLogger->send('anthropic', 'POST', self::URL, fn () => Http::timeout(20)
+                ->withHeaders($this->headers())
+                ->post(self::URL, [
+                    'model' => config('services.anthropic.model', 'claude-haiku-4-5-20251001'),
+                    'max_tokens' => 512,
+                    'tools' => [$this->submitOverlayTool()],
+                    'tool_choice' => ['type' => 'tool', 'name' => 'submit_overlay'],
+                    'messages' => $messages,
+                ]));
+
+            if (! $submitResponse->successful()) {
+                Log::error('LlmOverlayService: submit request failed', ['status' => $submitResponse->status()]);
+
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return $this->extractToolInput($submitResponse->json('content') ?? []);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            Log::error('LlmOverlayService: callAnthropic failed', ['error' => $e->getMessage()]);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private const string VERIFICATION_USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; FuelPriceBot/1.0; +https://fuel-price.test/bot)';
+
+    /**
+     * Verify each cited URL is reachable. Major news sites (Reuters, FT,
+     * Bloomberg, BBC...) often reject HEAD with 403 / 405 even though
+     * GET works fine. So: try HEAD first, then fall back to a 1-byte
+     * GET (Range header) when HEAD fails. Both must include a
+     * browser-shaped User-Agent or Cloudflare etc. block us as a bot.
+     *
+     * Every URL — verified or rejected — is logged at INFO/WARNING so
+     * operators can debug rejections from `storage/logs/laravel.log`
+     * without needing to capture the Anthropic response body.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, array<string, mixed>>  $events
+     * @return array<int, array<string, mixed>>
+     */
+    private function verifyCitedUrls(array $events): array
+    {
+        $verified = [];
+        foreach ($events as $event) {
+            $url = (string) ($event['url'] ?? '');
+            if ($url === '') {
+                Log::warning('LlmOverlayService: dropping cited event with empty URL', [
+                    'headline' => $event['headline'] ?? null,
+                    'source' => $event['source'] ?? null,
+                ]);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+            [$reachable, $diagnosis] = $this->urlReachable($url);
+            if ($reachable) {
+                Log::info('LlmOverlayService: URL verified', [
+                    'url' => $url,
+                    'via' => $diagnosis,
+                ]);
+                $verified[] = $event;
+            } else {
+                Log::warning('LlmOverlayService: URL rejected', [
+                    'url' => $url,
+                    'reason' => $diagnosis,
+                    'headline' => $event['headline'] ?? null,
+                    'source' => $event['source'] ?? null,
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $verified;
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{0: bool, 1: string} [reachable, diagnostic_string] */
+    private function urlReachable(string $url): array
+    {
+        $headers = ['User-Agent' => self::VERIFICATION_USER_AGENT];
+        $headStatus = 'no-attempt';
+
+        try {
+            $head = Http::timeout(5)
+                ->withHeaders($headers)
+                ->head($url);
+            $headStatus = 'HEAD='.$head->status();
+            if ($head->successful() || $head->redirect()) {
+                return [true, $headStatus];
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $headStatus = 'HEAD=exception('.class_basename($e).')';
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $get = Http::timeout(8)
+                ->withHeaders($headers + ['Range' => 'bytes=0-0'])
+                ->get($url);
+            $getStatus = 'GET='.$get->status();
+            if ($get->successful() || $get->redirect()) {
+                return [true, $headStatus.' → '.$getStatus.' (fallback)'];
+            }
+
+            return [false, $headStatus.' → '.$getStatus];
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return [false, $headStatus.' → GET=exception('.class_basename($e).')'];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function ridgeDirection(string $publicDirection): string
+    {
+        return match ($publicDirection) {
+            'up' => 'rising',
+            'down' => 'falling',
+            default => 'flat',
+        };
+    }
+
+    private function upcomingMondayDateString(): string
+    {
+        $today = now()->startOfDay();
+        $monday = $today->isMonday() ? $today : $today->copy()->next(CarbonInterface::MONDAY);
+
+        return $monday->toDateString();
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<string, string> */
+    private function headers(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'x-api-key' => $this->apiKey(),
+            'anthropic-version' => '2023-06-01',
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function apiKey(): ?string
+    {
+        return config('services.anthropic.api_key');
+    }
+
+    private function prompt(array $context): string
+    {
+        $json = json_encode($context, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES);
+
+        return <<<PROMPT
+            You are providing a daily news-aware overlay for a UK weekly pump-price forecast.
+
+            The calibrated ridge model has already produced a directional call from price history.
+            Your job is to search recent oil/fuel news and decide whether to AGREE or DISAGREE
+            — and most importantly, surface any major-impact event that the ridge model can't see
+            from price history alone.
+
+            Search recent news (last 48 hours) for:
+            - OPEC+ production decisions or unexpected announcements
+            - Geopolitical events affecting oil supply (sanctions, conflict, shipping disruption)
+            - Major refinery outages or pipeline incidents
+            - US/EU inventory reports that materially moved Brent
+
+            Context for this week:
+            $json
+
+            After searching, you will be asked to submit_overlay with direction, confidence
+            (capped at $this->confidenceCap), short reasoning, cited events with URLs,
+            agrees_with_ridge, and major_impact_event.
+
+            Citing events with REAL URLs is mandatory. An empty citation array will be
+            rejected and the overlay discarded.
+            PROMPT;
+    }
+
+    private string $confidenceCap = '75';
+
+    /** @return array<string, mixed> */
+    private function submitOverlayTool(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'name' => 'submit_overlay',
+            'description' => 'Submit the news-aware overlay for the upcoming weekly forecast.',
+            'input_schema' => [
+                'type' => 'object',
+                'properties' => [
+                    'direction' => ['type' => 'string', 'enum' => ['rising', 'falling', 'flat']],
+                    'confidence' => ['type' => 'integer', 'minimum' => 0, 'maximum' => self::CONFIDENCE_CAP],
+                    'reasoning_short' => ['type' => 'string', 'description' => '1–2 sentences.'],
+                    'events_cited' => [
+                        'type' => 'array',
+                        'items' => [
+                            'type' => 'object',
+                            'properties' => [
+                                'headline' => ['type' => 'string'],
+                                'source' => ['type' => 'string'],
+                                'url' => ['type' => 'string'],
+                                'impact' => ['type' => 'string', 'enum' => ['rising', 'falling', 'neutral']],
+                            ],
+                            'required' => ['headline', 'source', 'url', 'impact'],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    'agrees_with_ridge' => ['type' => 'boolean'],
+                    'major_impact_event' => ['type' => 'boolean'],
+                ],
+                'required' => ['direction', 'confidence', 'reasoning_short', 'events_cited', 'agrees_with_ridge', 'major_impact_event'],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param  array<int, mixed>  $content
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|null
+     */
+    private function extractToolInput(array $content): ?array
+    {
+        $block = collect($content)->firstWhere('type', 'tool_use');
+
+        return $block['input'] ?? null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/LocalSnapshotService.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/LocalSnapshotService.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef63f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/LocalSnapshotService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Services\HaversineQuery;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+/**
+ * Layer 2 — descriptive snapshot of the present.
+ *
+ * Pure SQL aggregates against `station_prices_current` + Haversine on
+ * `stations.lat / lng`. No ML, no history, no surprises. Layer 2 never
+ * speaks about the future.
+ *
+ * Used by Phase 4's WeeklyForecastService to enrich the public payload
+ * with descriptive "your area" cards alongside the headline forecast.
+ */
+final class LocalSnapshotService
+{
+    /**
+     * Snapshot for a coordinate (e.g. user's postcode-resolved lat/lng).
+     *
+     * @return array{
+     *   national_avg_pence: ?float,
+     *   local_avg_pence: ?float,
+     *   local_minus_national_pence: ?float,
+     *   cheapest_nearby: array<int, array{node_id: string, name: ?string, brand: ?string, price_pence: int, distance_km: float}>,
+     *   supermarket_avg_pence: ?float,
+     *   major_avg_pence: ?float,
+     *   supermarket_gap_pence: ?float,
+     *   stations_within_radius: int
+     * }
+     */
+    public function snapshot(string $fuelType, float $lat, float $lng, int $radiusKm = 25): array
+    {
+        $nationalAvg = $this->nationalAverage($fuelType);
+        $localAvg = $this->localAverage($fuelType, $lat, $lng, 50);
+        $cheapest = $this->cheapestNearby($fuelType, $lat, $lng, $radiusKm, 5);
+        [$superAvg, $majorAvg] = $this->brandSplit($fuelType, $lat, $lng, $radiusKm);
+        $stationCount = $this->stationCountWithin($fuelType, $lat, $lng, $radiusKm);
+
+        return [
+            'national_avg_pence' => $nationalAvg,
+            'local_avg_pence' => $localAvg,
+            'local_minus_national_pence' => $localAvg !== null && $nationalAvg !== null
+                ? round($localAvg - $nationalAvg, 1)
+                : null,
+            'cheapest_nearby' => $cheapest,
+            'supermarket_avg_pence' => $superAvg,
+            'major_avg_pence' => $majorAvg,
+            'supermarket_gap_pence' => $superAvg !== null && $majorAvg !== null
+                ? round($superAvg - $majorAvg, 1)
+                : null,
+            'stations_within_radius' => $stationCount,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function nationalAverage(string $fuelType): ?float
+    {
+        $avg = DB::table('station_prices_current')
+            ->where('fuel_type', $fuelType)
+            ->avg('price_pence');
+
+        return $avg === null ? null : round((float) $avg / 100, 1);
+    }
+
+    private function localAverage(string $fuelType, float $lat, float $lng, int $km): ?float
+    {
+        [$within, $bindings] = HaversineQuery::withinKm($lat, $lng, $km);
+
+        $avg = DB::table('station_prices_current')
+            ->join('stations', 'station_prices_current.station_id', '=', 'stations.node_id')
+            ->where('station_prices_current.fuel_type', $fuelType)
+            ->whereRaw($within, $bindings)
+            ->avg('station_prices_current.price_pence');
+
+        return $avg === null ? null : round((float) $avg / 100, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<int, array{node_id: string, name: ?string, brand: ?string, price_pence: int, distance_km: float}>
+     */
+    private function cheapestNearby(string $fuelType, float $lat, float $lng, int $km, int $limit): array
+    {
+        [$distance, $distanceBindings] = HaversineQuery::distanceKm($lat, $lng);
+        [$within, $withinBindings] = HaversineQuery::withinKm($lat, $lng, $km);
+
+        $rows = DB::table('station_prices_current')
+            ->join('stations', 'station_prices_current.station_id', '=', 'stations.node_id')
+            ->where('station_prices_current.fuel_type', $fuelType)
+            ->whereRaw($within, $withinBindings)
+            ->selectRaw(
+                'stations.node_id, stations.trading_name as name, stations.brand_name as brand, '
+                .'station_prices_current.price_pence, '.$distance.' as distance_km',
+                $distanceBindings,
+            )
+            ->orderBy('station_prices_current.price_pence')
+            ->limit($limit)
+            ->get();
+
+        return $rows->map(fn ($r): array => [
+            'node_id' => (string) $r->node_id,
+            'name' => $r->name === null ? null : (string) $r->name,
+            'brand' => $r->brand === null ? null : (string) $r->brand,
+            'price_pence' => (int) $r->price_pence,
+            'distance_km' => round((float) $r->distance_km, 2),
+        ])->all();
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{0: ?float, 1: ?float} [supermarket_avg, major_avg] */
+    private function brandSplit(string $fuelType, float $lat, float $lng, int $km): array
+    {
+        [$within, $bindings] = HaversineQuery::withinKm($lat, $lng, $km);
+
+        $rows = DB::table('station_prices_current')
+            ->join('stations', 'station_prices_current.station_id', '=', 'stations.node_id')
+            ->where('station_prices_current.fuel_type', $fuelType)
+            ->whereRaw($within, $bindings)
+            ->selectRaw('stations.is_supermarket, AVG(station_prices_current.price_pence) as avg_pence')
+            ->groupBy('stations.is_supermarket')
+            ->get();
+
+        $super = null;
+        $major = null;
+        foreach ($rows as $r) {
+            $avg = round((float) $r->avg_pence / 100, 1);
+            if ((int) $r->is_supermarket === 1) {
+                $super = $avg;
+            } else {
+                $major = $avg;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [$super, $major];
+    }
+
+    private function stationCountWithin(string $fuelType, float $lat, float $lng, int $km): int
+    {
+        [$within, $bindings] = HaversineQuery::withinKm($lat, $lng, $km);
+
+        return DB::table('station_prices_current')
+            ->join('stations', 'station_prices_current.station_id', '=', 'stations.node_id')
+            ->where('station_prices_current.fuel_type', $fuelType)
+            ->whereRaw($within, $bindings)
+            ->count();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Models/NaiveZeroChangeModel.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Models/NaiveZeroChangeModel.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ca4acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Models/NaiveZeroChangeModel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Models;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\WeeklyForecastModel;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\FeatureSpec;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPrediction;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Predicts ΔULSP[t+1] = 0 for every week. Direction = 'flat'.
+ *
+ * The floor any future model must beat. Per Alquist/Kilian, the
+ * no-change benchmark is hard to beat for short-horizon oil/fuel
+ * forecasts — if the ridge model can't beat this, the features are wrong.
+ */
+final class NaiveZeroChangeModel implements WeeklyForecastModel
+{
+    public function featureSpec(): FeatureSpec
+    {
+        return new FeatureSpec(modelLabel: 'naive-zero', features: []);
+    }
+
+    public function train(array $trainingMondays): void {}
+
+    public function predict(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): WeeklyPrediction
+    {
+        return new WeeklyPrediction(
+            targetMonday: $targetMonday,
+            magnitudePence: 0.0,
+            direction: 'flat',
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function coefficients(): ?array
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/Models/RidgeRegressionModel.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/Models/RidgeRegressionModel.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61daa84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/Models/RidgeRegressionModel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting\Models;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\WeeklyForecastModel;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\FeatureSpec;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LinearAlgebra;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPrediction;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Ridge regression on weekly pump prices.
+ *
+ * Target: ΔULSP[t+1] = ULSP[t+1] − ULSP[t], in pence × 100.
+ *
+ * Pipeline:
+ *   - Build (X, y) from training Mondays. Skip any week where a feature
+ *     value is null OR the actual ΔULSP cannot be computed.
+ *   - Standardise X (z-score per column) and centre y. Keeps features
+ *     on comparable scales so the L2 penalty is fair.
+ *   - Solve β = (XᵀX + λI) ⁻¹ Xᵀy for the standardised problem.
+ *   - Reconstruct intercept = mean(y) (since X is centred).
+ *
+ * Prediction:
+ *   - Build feature vector at $targetMonday. If any feature returns
+ *     null, predict 0 (treated as 'flat' downstream).
+ *   - Standardise with the trained scaler, multiply by β, add intercept.
+ *
+ * Direction:
+ *   - rising  if magnitude >  FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100
+ *   - falling if magnitude < −FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100
+ *   - flat   otherwise
+ */
+final class RidgeRegressionModel implements WeeklyForecastModel
+{
+    private const float FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 = 20.0; // 0.2 p/L
+
+    /** @var array<int, float>|null Coefficients on standardised features (no intercept). */
+    private ?array $beta = null;
+
+    private ?float $intercept = null;
+
+    /** @var array<int, float>|null per-feature mean used for standardisation */
+    private ?array $featureMeans = null;
+
+    /** @var array<int, float>|null per-feature std-dev used for standardisation */
+    private ?array $featureStdDevs = null;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly FeatureSpec $spec,
+        private readonly WeeklyPumpPriceLoader $loader,
+        public readonly float $lambda = 1.0,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function featureSpec(): FeatureSpec
+    {
+        return $this->spec;
+    }
+
+    public function train(array $trainingMondays): void
+    {
+        $X = [];
+        $y = [];
+
+        foreach ($trainingMondays as $monday) {
+            $row = [];
+            $skip = false;
+            foreach ($this->spec->features as $feature) {
+                $v = $feature->valueFor($monday);
+                if ($v === null) {
+                    $skip = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                $row[] = $v;
+            }
+            if ($skip) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $actual = $this->actualDeltaPence($monday);
+            if ($actual === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $X[] = $row;
+            $y[] = $actual;
+        }
+
+        if (count($X) < count($this->spec->features) + 2) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('RidgeRegressionModel: insufficient training rows after dropping incomplete weeks');
+        }
+
+        // Standardise X (z-score) and centre y.
+        $featureCount = count($X[0]);
+        $means = array_fill(0, $featureCount, 0.0);
+        $stds = array_fill(0, $featureCount, 0.0);
+        $n = count($X);
+
+        for ($j = 0; $j < $featureCount; $j++) {
+            $col = array_column($X, $j);
+            $means[$j] = array_sum($col) / $n;
+            $variance = 0.0;
+            foreach ($col as $v) {
+                $variance += ($v - $means[$j]) ** 2;
+            }
+            $variance /= $n;
+            $stds[$j] = sqrt($variance);
+            // Constant features get sd=1 so we don't divide by zero. Their
+            // contribution is then a constant absorbed by the intercept.
+            if ($stds[$j] < 1e-12) {
+                $stds[$j] = 1.0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $Xstd = [];
+        foreach ($X as $row) {
+            $r = [];
+            for ($j = 0; $j < $featureCount; $j++) {
+                $r[] = ($row[$j] - $means[$j]) / $stds[$j];
+            }
+            $Xstd[] = $r;
+        }
+
+        $yMean = array_sum($y) / $n;
+        $yCentred = array_map(fn (float $v): float => $v - $yMean, $y);
+
+        $this->beta = LinearAlgebra::ridgeSolve($Xstd, $yCentred, $this->lambda);
+        $this->intercept = $yMean;
+        $this->featureMeans = $means;
+        $this->featureStdDevs = $stds;
+    }
+
+    public function predict(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): WeeklyPrediction
+    {
+        if ($this->beta === null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('RidgeRegressionModel: predict() called before train()');
+        }
+
+        $row = [];
+        foreach ($this->spec->features as $feature) {
+            $v = $feature->valueFor($targetMonday);
+            if ($v === null) {
+                return new WeeklyPrediction($targetMonday, 0.0, 'flat');
+            }
+            $row[] = $v;
+        }
+
+        $magnitude = $this->intercept;
+        for ($j = 0, $jc = count($row); $j < $jc; $j++) {
+            $z = ($row[$j] - $this->featureMeans[$j]) / $this->featureStdDevs[$j];
+            $magnitude += $z * $this->beta[$j];
+        }
+
+        return new WeeklyPrediction($targetMonday, $magnitude, $this->classifyDirection($magnitude));
+    }
+
+    public function coefficients(): ?array
+    {
+        if ($this->beta === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $named = [];
+        foreach ($this->spec->features as $i => $feature) {
+            $named[$feature->name()] = [
+                'beta_standardised' => $this->beta[$i],
+                'mean' => $this->featureMeans[$i],
+                'std_dev' => $this->featureStdDevs[$i],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'intercept' => $this->intercept,
+            'lambda' => $this->lambda,
+            'features' => $named,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function actualDeltaPence(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): ?float
+    {
+        $current = $this->loader->ulspPence($targetMonday->toDateString());
+        $previous = $this->loader->ulspPence($targetMonday->copy()->subDays(7)->toDateString());
+
+        if ($current === null || $previous === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (float) ($current - $previous);
+    }
+
+    private function classifyDirection(float $magnitude): string
+    {
+        return match (true) {
+            $magnitude > self::FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 => 'rising',
+            $magnitude < -self::FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 => 'falling',
+            default => 'flat',
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/OutcomeResolver.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/OutcomeResolver.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f252c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/OutcomeResolver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Models\WeeklyForecast;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+/**
+ * Pairs a `weekly_forecasts` row with the actual ULSP move once BEIS
+ * publishes the matching week. Writes idempotent rows to
+ * `forecast_outcomes` so trailing-13-week accuracy is honest, not
+ * inferred.
+ */
+final class OutcomeResolver
+{
+    private const float FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 = 20.0;
+
+    public function resolvePending(): int
+    {
+        $resolved = 0;
+
+        $existing = DB::table('forecast_outcomes')
+            ->select(['forecast_for', 'model_version'])
+            ->get()
+            ->mapWithKeys(fn ($r): array => [$r->forecast_for.'|'.$r->model_version => true])
+            ->all();
+
+        $candidates = WeeklyForecast::query()
+            ->where('forecast_for', '<=', now()->toDateString())
+            ->orderBy('forecast_for')
+            ->get();
+
+        foreach ($candidates as $forecast) {
+            $key = $forecast->forecast_for->toDateString().'|'.$forecast->model_version;
+            if (isset($existing[$key])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $actualDelta = $this->actualDeltaPence($forecast->forecast_for->toDateString());
+            if ($actualDelta === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $actualClass = $this->classifyDirection($actualDelta);
+            $absError = (int) round(abs($forecast->magnitude_pence - $actualDelta));
+
+            DB::table('forecast_outcomes')->insert([
+                'forecast_for' => $forecast->forecast_for->toDateString(),
+                'model_version' => $forecast->model_version,
+                'predicted_class' => $forecast->direction,
+                'actual_class' => $actualClass,
+                'correct' => $forecast->direction === $actualClass,
+                'abs_error_pence' => $absError,
+                'resolved_at' => now(),
+            ]);
+
+            $resolved++;
+        }
+
+        return $resolved;
+    }
+
+    private function actualDeltaPence(string $targetDate): ?float
+    {
+        $current = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')
+            ->where('date', $targetDate)
+            ->value('ulsp_pence');
+        $previous = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')
+            ->where('date', date('Y-m-d', strtotime($targetDate.' -7 days')))
+            ->value('ulsp_pence');
+
+        if ($current === null || $previous === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (float) ($current - $previous);
+    }
+
+    private function classifyDirection(float $deltaPence): string
+    {
+        return match (true) {
+            $deltaPence > self::FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 => 'rising',
+            $deltaPence < -self::FLAT_THRESHOLD_PENCE_X100 => 'falling',
+            default => 'flat',
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/ReasoningGenerator.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/ReasoningGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e42dae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/ReasoningGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Models\RidgeRegressionModel;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Phase 6 honesty rule: the reasoning text only references features
+ * the model actually used, ranked by how much each contributed to
+ * this week's prediction.
+ *
+ * Contribution is the standardised (z-score × β) for each feature —
+ * the same number the ridge model summed to produce the prediction.
+ * That makes the explanation literally what the model did, not a
+ * narrative invented post-hoc.
+ */
+final class ReasoningGenerator
+{
+    /** @var array<string, string> */
+    private const array PHRASES = [
+        'delta_ulsp_lag_0' => "last week's pump price move",
+        'delta_ulsp_lag_1' => 'the pump price move two weeks ago',
+        'delta_ulsp_lag_3' => 'the pump price move four weeks ago',
+        'delta_ulsd_lag_0' => "last week's diesel move",
+        'ulsp_minus_ma8' => "the gap between this week's pump price and its 8-week average",
+        'week_of_year_sin' => 'the seasonal pattern',
+        'week_of_year_cos' => 'the seasonal pattern',
+        'is_pre_bank_holiday' => 'an upcoming bank holiday',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @param  array<int, ForecastFeature>  $features
+     */
+    public function generate(
+        RidgeRegressionModel $model,
+        WeeklyPrediction $prediction,
+        array $features,
+        CarbonInterface $targetMonday,
+        int $confidence,
+        bool $flaggedDutyChange,
+        ?float $trailingHitRate,
+    ): string {
+        if ($confidence < 40) {
+            return 'Not enough signal in the historical pattern to call this week — staying silent.';
+        }
+
+        $coeffs = $model->coefficients() ?? [];
+        $features_meta = $coeffs['features'] ?? [];
+
+        $contributions = [];
+        foreach ($features as $f) {
+            $name = $f->name();
+            $meta = $features_meta[$name] ?? null;
+            if ($meta === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $value = $f->valueFor($targetMonday);
+            if ($value === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $z = ($value - $meta['mean']) / ($meta['std_dev'] ?: 1.0);
+            $contributions[$name] = $z * $meta['beta_standardised'];
+        }
+
+        $headline = $this->headline($prediction);
+        $driver = $this->dominantFeatureSentence($contributions);
+        $duty = $flaggedDutyChange
+            ? ' Recent fuel duty change may skew accuracy for the next several weeks.'
+            : '';
+        $accuracy = $trailingHitRate !== null
+            ? sprintf(' Last 13 weeks: %d%% hit rate.', (int) round($trailingHitRate * 100))
+            : '';
+
+        return $headline.' '.$driver.$duty.$accuracy;
+    }
+
+    private function headline(WeeklyPrediction $prediction): string
+    {
+        $absP = round(abs($prediction->magnitudePence) / 100, 1);
+
+        return match ($prediction->direction) {
+            'rising' => sprintf('Model expects pump prices to rise by ~%sp/L next week.', number_format($absP, 1)),
+            'falling' => sprintf('Model expects pump prices to fall by ~%sp/L next week.', number_format($absP, 1)),
+            default => 'Pump prices are likely flat next week.',
+        };
+    }
+
+    /** @param array<string, float> $contributions */
+    private function dominantFeatureSentence(array $contributions): string
+    {
+        if ($contributions === []) {
+            return 'Drawn from the full feature set with no single dominant signal.';
+        }
+
+        uasort($contributions, fn (float $a, float $b): int => abs($b) <=> abs($a));
+        $topName = array_key_first($contributions);
+        $phrase = self::PHRASES[$topName] ?? $topName;
+
+        return sprintf('Driver: %s.', $phrase);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/UkBankHolidays.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/UkBankHolidays.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04a75ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/UkBankHolidays.php
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * UK England-and-Wales bank holiday calendar.
+ *
+ * Computed deterministically from year (no external dependency, no
+ * hardcoded list to maintain).
+ *
+ * Includes the eight statutory holidays:
+ *   New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday,
+ *   Early May Bank Holiday, Spring Bank Holiday, Summer Bank Holiday,
+ *   Christmas Day, Boxing Day
+ *
+ * Substitution rules: when a fixed-date holiday falls on a weekend,
+ * it's observed on the next non-holiday weekday (cascades for
+ * Christmas+Boxing landing on Sat+Sun).
+ */
+final class UkBankHolidays
+{
+    /**
+     * Sorted list of bank holiday dates for a year, after substitution.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, Carbon>
+     */
+    public static function forYear(int $year): array
+    {
+        $dates = [];
+
+        // Easter-anchored
+        [$em, $ed] = self::easter($year);
+        $easter = Carbon::create($year, $em, $ed);
+        $dates[] = $easter->copy()->subDays(2); // Good Friday
+        $dates[] = $easter->copy()->addDay();   // Easter Monday
+
+        // Floating Mondays
+        $dates[] = self::firstMondayOf($year, 5);
+        $dates[] = self::lastMondayOf($year, 5);
+        $dates[] = self::lastMondayOf($year, 8);
+
+        // Fixed dates with substitution
+        $dates[] = self::substituteForward(Carbon::create($year, 1, 1), $dates);
+        $christmas = self::substituteForward(Carbon::create($year, 12, 25), $dates);
+        $dates[] = $christmas;
+        $boxing = self::substituteForward(Carbon::create($year, 12, 26), $dates);
+        $dates[] = $boxing;
+
+        usort($dates, fn (CarbonInterface $a, CarbonInterface $b): int => $a->getTimestamp() <=> $b->getTimestamp());
+
+        return $dates;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is there a UK bank holiday in [$from, $from + $daysAhead - 1]?
+     */
+    public static function holidayWithin(CarbonInterface $from, int $daysAhead): bool
+    {
+        $end = $from->copy()->addDays($daysAhead - 1);
+        $years = array_unique([(int) $from->format('Y'), (int) $end->format('Y')]);
+
+        foreach ($years as $year) {
+            foreach (self::forYear($year) as $holiday) {
+                if ($holiday->betweenIncluded($from, $end)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Anonymous Gregorian algorithm for Easter Sunday.
+     *
+     * @return array{0: int, 1: int} [month, day]
+     */
+    private static function easter(int $year): array
+    {
+        $a = $year % 19;
+        $b = intdiv($year, 100);
+        $c = $year % 100;
+        $d = intdiv($b, 4);
+        $e = $b % 4;
+        $f = intdiv($b + 8, 25);
+        $g = intdiv($b - $f + 1, 3);
+        $h = (19 * $a + $b - $d - $g + 15) % 30;
+        $i = intdiv($c, 4);
+        $k = $c % 4;
+        $l = (32 + 2 * $e + 2 * $i - $h - $k) % 7;
+        $m = intdiv($a + 11 * $h + 22 * $l, 451);
+        $month = intdiv($h + $l - 7 * $m + 114, 31);
+        $day = (($h + $l - 7 * $m + 114) % 31) + 1;
+
+        return [$month, $day];
+    }
+
+    private static function firstMondayOf(int $year, int $month): Carbon
+    {
+        $d = Carbon::create($year, $month, 1);
+        while ($d->dayOfWeek !== Carbon::MONDAY) {
+            $d->addDay();
+        }
+
+        return $d;
+    }
+
+    private static function lastMondayOf(int $year, int $month): Carbon
+    {
+        $d = Carbon::create($year, $month, 1)->endOfMonth()->startOfDay();
+        while ($d->dayOfWeek !== Carbon::MONDAY) {
+            $d->subDay();
+        }
+
+        return $d;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If $candidate falls on a weekend or collides with an already-claimed
+     * date, return the next non-weekend non-claimed date. Christmas/Boxing
+     * cascade is handled because we pass in the running list.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, CarbonInterface>  $taken
+     */
+    private static function substituteForward(Carbon $candidate, array $taken): Carbon
+    {
+        $d = $candidate->copy();
+        while (true) {
+            $isWeekend = in_array($d->dayOfWeek, [Carbon::SATURDAY, Carbon::SUNDAY], true);
+            $isTaken = false;
+            foreach ($taken as $t) {
+                if ($t->isSameDay($d)) {
+                    $isTaken = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (! $isWeekend && ! $isTaken) {
+                return $d;
+            }
+            $d->addDay();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/VolatilityRegimeService.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/VolatilityRegimeService.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3d8d99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/VolatilityRegimeService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Models\BrentPrice;
+use App\Models\LlmOverlay;
+use App\Models\VolatilityRegime;
+use App\Models\WatchedEvent;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+/**
+ * Layer 5 — sole owner of `volatility_regimes.active`. Hourly cron.
+ *
+ * OR-combines four triggers:
+ *   1. Brent close-to-close move > 3% (FRED `DCOILBRENTEU`).
+ *   2. Most recent `llm_overlays.major_impact_event = true` AND at
+ *      least one verified URL.
+ *   3. `station_prices` daily churn > 1.5× 30-day baseline. Gated
+ *      until ≥ 180 days of polling — toggleable via config.
+ *   4. `watched_events` row covering today.
+ *
+ * When the flag flips ON, an event-driven LLM refresh is queued
+ * (Layer 4 enforces its own 4h cooldown). When OFF, the row is
+ * closed with `flipped_off_at`.
+ */
+final class VolatilityRegimeService
+{
+    private const float BRENT_MOVE_PCT = 3.0;
+
+    private const float STATION_CHURN_RATIO = 1.5;
+
+    private const int STATION_CHURN_MIN_POLLING_DAYS = 180;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly LlmOverlayService $llmOverlay,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function evaluate(): ?VolatilityRegime
+    {
+        $trigger = $this->detectTrigger();
+        $current = VolatilityRegime::currentlyActive();
+
+        if ($trigger !== null && $current === null) {
+            $row = $this->flipOn($trigger);
+            $this->llmOverlay->run(eventDriven: true);
+
+            return $row;
+        }
+
+        if ($trigger === null && $current !== null) {
+            $this->flipOff($current);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $current;
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{type: string, detail: string}|null */
+    private function detectTrigger(): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->brentMoveTrigger()
+            ?? $this->llmEventTrigger()
+            ?? $this->stationChurnTrigger()
+            ?? $this->watchedEventTrigger();
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{type: string, detail: string}|null */
+    private function brentMoveTrigger(): ?array
+    {
+        $rows = BrentPrice::query()
+            ->orderByDesc('date')
+            ->limit(2)
+            ->get(['date', 'price_usd']);
+
+        if ($rows->count() < 2) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $latest = (float) $rows[0]->price_usd;
+        $prior = (float) $rows[1]->price_usd;
+        if ($prior === 0.0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $pctMove = abs(($latest - $prior) / $prior) * 100;
+        if ($pctMove <= self::BRENT_MOVE_PCT) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $direction = $latest > $prior ? '+' : '-';
+
+        return [
+            'type' => 'brent_move',
+            'detail' => sprintf('Brent %s%.2f%% (%s → %s)', $direction, $pctMove, $rows[1]->date->toDateString(), $rows[0]->date->toDateString()),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{type: string, detail: string}|null */
+    private function llmEventTrigger(): ?array
+    {
+        $latest = LlmOverlay::query()->orderByDesc('ran_at')->first();
+
+        if ($latest === null || ! $latest->major_impact_event) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $hasVerifiedUrl = collect((array) $latest->events_json)
+            ->contains(fn ($e): bool => is_array($e) && ! empty($e['url']));
+
+        if (! $hasVerifiedUrl) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $headline = collect((array) $latest->events_json)->pluck('headline')->filter()->first();
+
+        return [
+            'type' => 'llm_event',
+            'detail' => sprintf('LLM major impact: %s', $headline ?? 'unspecified'),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{type: string, detail: string}|null */
+    private function stationChurnTrigger(): ?array
+    {
+        if (! $this->stationChurnEnabled()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $oldest = DB::table('station_prices')->min('price_effective_at');
+        if ($oldest === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $pollingDays = (int) abs(now()->diffInDays($oldest));
+        if ($pollingDays < self::STATION_CHURN_MIN_POLLING_DAYS) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $last24h = (int) DB::table('station_prices')
+            ->where('price_effective_at', '>=', now()->subDay())
+            ->distinct('station_id')
+            ->count('station_id');
+
+        $baseline = (int) DB::table('station_prices')
+            ->where('price_effective_at', '>=', now()->subDays(30))
+            ->where('price_effective_at', '<', now()->subDay())
+            ->distinct('station_id')
+            ->count('station_id');
+
+        if ($baseline === 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $dailyBaseline = $baseline / 29; // 29 days of history before yesterday
+        if ($last24h <= $dailyBaseline * self::STATION_CHURN_RATIO) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'type' => 'station_churn',
+            'detail' => sprintf('Station churn %d/24h vs %.1f baseline (%.2fx)', $last24h, $dailyBaseline, $last24h / $dailyBaseline),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{type: string, detail: string}|null */
+    private function watchedEventTrigger(): ?array
+    {
+        $row = WatchedEvent::query()
+            ->where('starts_at', '<=', now())
+            ->where('ends_at', '>=', now())
+            ->orderBy('starts_at')
+            ->first();
+
+        if ($row === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'type' => 'manual',
+            'detail' => sprintf('Watched event: %s', $row->label),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function stationChurnEnabled(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) config('services.forecasting.station_churn_enabled', false);
+    }
+
+    /** @param  array{type: string, detail: string}  $trigger */
+    private function flipOn(array $trigger): VolatilityRegime
+    {
+        return VolatilityRegime::query()->create([
+            'flipped_on_at' => now(),
+            'flipped_off_at' => null,
+            'trigger' => $trigger['type'],
+            'trigger_detail' => $trigger['detail'],
+            'active' => true,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    private function flipOff(VolatilityRegime $row): void
+    {
+        $row->update([
+            'flipped_off_at' => now(),
+            'active' => false,
+        ]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyForecastService.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyForecastService.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39453b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyForecastService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use App\Models\Backtest;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\DeltaUlsdLag;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\DeltaUlspLag;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\IsPreBankHoliday;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\UlspMinusMa8;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\WeekOfYearTrig;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Models\RidgeRegressionModel;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Layer 1 — orchestrates the ridge model end-to-end:
+ *
+ *   1. Builds the canonical v1 feature spec (8 features).
+ *   2. Trains the ridge model on every available BEIS Monday.
+ *   3. Predicts for the upcoming Monday.
+ *   4. Looks up the latest matching backtest for calibrated confidence.
+ *   5. Returns a flat array keyed for the existing public JSON contract.
+ *
+ * Trained-model state is cached for 1 hour (key includes model_version)
+ * so repeated request hits don't retrain. A new BEIS week or a feature
+ * spec change rolls model_version, busting the cache automatically.
+ */
+final class WeeklyForecastService
+{
+    private const float DEFAULT_LAMBDA = 1.0;
+
+    public function currentForecast(): array
+    {
+        $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+        $features = $this->buildFeatures($loader);
+        $spec = new FeatureSpec('ridge-v1', $features);
+
+        $cacheKey = 'forecast:current:'.$spec->modelVersion();
+
+        return Cache::remember($cacheKey, 3600, function () use ($loader, $spec, $features): array {
+            $model = new RidgeRegressionModel($spec, $loader, self::DEFAULT_LAMBDA);
+
+            try {
+                $model->train($this->collectTrainingMondays($loader));
+            } catch (RuntimeException) {
+                return $this->insufficientDataPayload($spec);
+            }
+
+            $targetMonday = $this->upcomingMonday();
+            $prediction = $model->predict($targetMonday);
+
+            $rawConfidence = $this->confidenceFromCalibration($spec, $prediction);
+            $flaggedDutyChange = (new DutyChangeDetector)->isAdjacent($targetMonday);
+            $confidence = $flaggedDutyChange ? (int) round($rawConfidence / 2) : $rawConfidence;
+
+            $directionPublic = $this->mapDirection($prediction->direction);
+            $action = $this->mapAction($directionPublic, $confidence);
+
+            $trailingHitRate = (new AccuracyHistory)->trailingHitRate($spec->modelVersion());
+
+            $reasoning = (new ReasoningGenerator)->generate(
+                $model,
+                $prediction,
+                $features,
+                $targetMonday,
+                $confidence,
+                $flaggedDutyChange,
+                $trailingHitRate,
+            );
+
+            $this->persistForecast($spec, $targetMonday, $prediction, $confidence, $flaggedDutyChange, $reasoning);
+
+            return [
+                'fuel_type' => 'e10',
+                'current_avg' => $this->nationalCurrentAverage(),
+                'predicted_direction' => $directionPublic,
+                'predicted_change_pence' => round($prediction->magnitudePence / 100, 1),
+                'confidence_score' => $confidence,
+                'confidence_label' => $this->confidenceLabel($confidence),
+                'action' => $action,
+                'reasoning' => $reasoning,
+                'prediction_horizon_days' => 7,
+                'region_key' => 'national',
+                'methodology' => 'ridge_regression_v1',
+                'model_version' => $spec->modelVersion(),
+                'flagged_duty_change' => $flaggedDutyChange,
+                'trailing_hit_rate' => $trailingHitRate,
+                'weekly_summary' => $this->weeklySummary($loader),
+                'signals' => $this->describeSignals($model, $prediction),
+            ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build the canonical v1 feature list. Centralised here so
+     * WeeklyForecastService and any retraining command share the same
+     * spec.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, ForecastFeature>
+     */
+    private function buildFeatures(WeeklyPumpPriceLoader $loader): array
+    {
+        return [
+            new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0),
+            new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 1),
+            new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 3),
+            new DeltaUlsdLag($loader, lag: 0),
+            new UlspMinusMa8($loader),
+            new WeekOfYearTrig('sin'),
+            new WeekOfYearTrig('cos'),
+            new IsPreBankHoliday,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<int, CarbonInterface> */
+    private function collectTrainingMondays(WeeklyPumpPriceLoader $loader): array
+    {
+        return array_map(fn (string $d): CarbonInterface => Carbon::parse($d), $loader->allDates());
+    }
+
+    private function upcomingMonday(): CarbonInterface
+    {
+        $today = now()->startOfDay();
+
+        return $today->isMonday() ? $today : $today->copy()->next(Carbon::MONDAY);
+    }
+
+    private function confidenceFromCalibration(FeatureSpec $spec, WeeklyPrediction $prediction): int
+    {
+        $latest = Backtest::query()
+            ->where('model_version', $spec->modelVersion())
+            ->orderByDesc('ran_at')
+            ->first();
+
+        if ($latest === null) {
+            return 0; // no backtest yet → low (gate 2 will force no_signal)
+        }
+
+        $table = (array) ($latest->calibration_table ?? []);
+        $bin = $this->bucketForMagnitude($prediction->magnitudePence);
+        $hitRate = $table[$bin] ?? null;
+
+        if ($hitRate === null) {
+            return (int) round((float) ($latest->directional_accuracy ?? 0));
+        }
+
+        return (int) round(((float) $hitRate) * 100);
+    }
+
+    private function bucketForMagnitude(float $magnitudePence): string
+    {
+        $abs = abs($magnitudePence);
+
+        return match (true) {
+            $abs < 50.0 => '0.0-0.5p',
+            $abs < 100.0 => '0.5-1.0p',
+            default => '1.0p+',
+        };
+    }
+
+    private function mapDirection(string $modelDirection): string
+    {
+        return match ($modelDirection) {
+            'rising' => 'up',
+            'falling' => 'down',
+            default => 'stable',
+        };
+    }
+
+    private function mapAction(string $publicDirection, int $confidence): string
+    {
+        if ($publicDirection === 'stable' || $confidence < 40) {
+            return 'no_signal';
+        }
+
+        return $publicDirection === 'up' ? 'fill_now' : 'wait';
+    }
+
+    private function confidenceLabel(int $confidence): string
+    {
+        return match (true) {
+            $confidence >= 70 => 'high',
+            $confidence >= 40 => 'medium',
+            default => 'low',
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Graceful payload when the model can't train (e.g. fresh install,
+     * not enough BEIS rows yet). Honest about not-knowing — verdict is
+     * no_signal, confidence 0, reasoning explains why.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function insufficientDataPayload(FeatureSpec $spec): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'fuel_type' => 'e10',
+            'current_avg' => $this->nationalCurrentAverage(),
+            'predicted_direction' => 'stable',
+            'predicted_change_pence' => 0.0,
+            'confidence_score' => 0,
+            'confidence_label' => 'low',
+            'action' => 'no_signal',
+            'reasoning' => 'Not enough historical BEIS data yet to train the forecast model — staying silent until the series fills in.',
+            'prediction_horizon_days' => 7,
+            'region_key' => 'national',
+            'methodology' => 'ridge_regression_v1',
+            'model_version' => $spec->modelVersion(),
+            'weekly_summary' => [
+                'latest_publication_date' => null,
+                'latest_avg_pence' => null,
+                'prior_avg_pence' => null,
+                'latest_change_pence' => null,
+            ],
+            'signals' => [],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function nationalCurrentAverage(): float
+    {
+        $avg = DB::table('station_prices_current')
+            ->where('fuel_type', 'e10')
+            ->avg('price_pence');
+
+        return $avg === null ? 0.0 : round((float) $avg / 100, 1);
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<string, mixed> */
+    private function weeklySummary(WeeklyPumpPriceLoader $loader): array
+    {
+        $dates = $loader->allDates();
+        $latest = end($dates) ?: null;
+        $prior = $latest === null ? null : ($dates[count($dates) - 2] ?? null);
+
+        $todayPence = $latest === null ? null : $loader->ulspPence($latest);
+        $priorPence = $prior === null ? null : $loader->ulspPence($prior);
+
+        return [
+            'latest_publication_date' => $latest,
+            'latest_avg_pence' => $todayPence === null ? null : round($todayPence / 100, 1),
+            'prior_avg_pence' => $priorPence === null ? null : round($priorPence / 100, 1),
+            'latest_change_pence' => $todayPence !== null && $priorPence !== null
+                ? round(($todayPence - $priorPence) / 100, 1)
+                : null,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Backward-compat 'signals' key. Now describes which features carried
+     * the most weight in this week's prediction (z-score × β contribution).
+     *
+     * @return array<string, array<string, mixed>>
+     */
+    private function describeSignals(RidgeRegressionModel $model, WeeklyPrediction $prediction): array
+    {
+        $coeffs = $model->coefficients();
+        if ($coeffs === null) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'ridge_v1' => [
+                'enabled' => true,
+                'direction' => $prediction->direction,
+                'magnitude_pence' => round($prediction->magnitudePence / 100, 2),
+                'feature_count' => count($coeffs['features'] ?? []),
+                'lambda' => $coeffs['lambda'] ?? null,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Persist the forecast row so Phase 6's outcome resolver can pair
+     * it with the actual ULSP when the next BEIS week lands.
+     * Idempotent on (forecast_for, model_version) via UPSERT.
+     */
+    private function persistForecast(
+        FeatureSpec $spec,
+        CarbonInterface $targetMonday,
+        WeeklyPrediction $prediction,
+        int $confidence,
+        bool $flaggedDutyChange,
+        string $reasoning,
+    ): void {
+        DB::table('weekly_forecasts')->upsert(
+            [[
+                'forecast_for' => $targetMonday->toDateString(),
+                'model_version' => $spec->modelVersion(),
+                'direction' => $prediction->direction,
+                'magnitude_pence' => (int) round($prediction->magnitudePence),
+                'ridge_confidence' => max(0, min(100, $confidence)),
+                'flagged_duty_change' => $flaggedDutyChange,
+                'reasoning' => $reasoning,
+                'generated_at' => now(),
+                'created_at' => now(),
+                'updated_at' => now(),
+            ]],
+            ['forecast_for', 'model_version'],
+            ['direction', 'magnitude_pence', 'ridge_confidence', 'flagged_duty_change', 'reasoning', 'generated_at', 'updated_at'],
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyPrediction.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyPrediction.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6bc288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyPrediction.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+/**
+ * The output of WeeklyForecastModel::predict().
+ *
+ * direction is derived from magnitudePence vs FLAT_THRESHOLD by the
+ * model itself, so the harness never re-derives it.
+ */
+final readonly class WeeklyPrediction
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        public CarbonInterface $targetMonday,
+        public float $magnitudePence,
+        public string $direction,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyPumpPriceLoader.php b/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyPumpPriceLoader.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78ca970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Forecasting/WeeklyPumpPriceLoader.php
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Forecasting;
+
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+/**
+ * Loads `weekly_pump_prices` once into an in-memory map keyed by date.
+ *
+ * Used by features and the ridge model — avoids one SELECT per
+ * (week × feature) lookup. Lazy: nothing loads until first query.
+ */
+final class WeeklyPumpPriceLoader
+{
+    /** @var array<string, object{date: string, ulsp_pence: int, ulsd_pence: int}>|null */
+    private ?array $byDate = null;
+
+    public function ulspPence(string $date): ?int
+    {
+        $row = $this->byDate()[$date] ?? null;
+
+        return $row === null ? null : (int) $row->ulsp_pence;
+    }
+
+    public function ulsdPence(string $date): ?int
+    {
+        $row = $this->byDate()[$date] ?? null;
+
+        return $row === null ? null : (int) $row->ulsd_pence;
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<int, string> Sorted ascending. */
+    public function allDates(): array
+    {
+        return array_keys($this->byDate());
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<string, object{date: string, ulsp_pence: int, ulsd_pence: int}> */
+    private function byDate(): array
+    {
+        if ($this->byDate !== null) {
+            return $this->byDate;
+        }
+
+        $rows = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')
+            ->orderBy('date')
+            ->get(['date', 'ulsp_pence', 'ulsd_pence']);
+
+        $map = [];
+        foreach ($rows as $r) {
+            $map[(string) $r->date] = $r;
+        }
+
+        $this->byDate = $map;
+
+        return $map;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/StationSearch/StationSearchService.php b/app/Services/StationSearch/StationSearchService.php
index 42c38d7..ed57dfc 100644
--- a/app/Services/StationSearch/StationSearchService.php
+++ b/app/Services/StationSearch/StationSearchService.php
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ use App\Enums\PriceReliability;
 use App\Models\Search;
 use App\Models\Station;
 use App\Models\User;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LocalSnapshotService;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyForecastService;
 use App\Services\HaversineQuery;
-use App\Services\NationalFuelPredictionService;
 use App\Services\PlanFeatures;
 use Illuminate\Database\Query\JoinClause;
 use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@ use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
 final class StationSearchService
 {
     public function __construct(
-        private readonly NationalFuelPredictionService $predictionService,
+        private readonly WeeklyForecastService $weeklyForecast,
+        private readonly LocalSnapshotService $localSnapshot,
     ) {}
 
     public function search(SearchCriteria $criteria, ?User $user, ?string $ipHash): SearchResult
@@ -134,7 +136,10 @@ final class StationSearchService
      */
     private function buildPrediction(?User $user, SearchCriteria $criteria): array
     {
-        $result = $this->predictionService->predict($criteria->lat, $criteria->lng);
+        $result = $this->weeklyForecast->currentForecast();
+        // Layer 1 is national; the region_key only reflects whether the
+        // caller passed coordinates so the JSON contract stays stable.
+        $result['region_key'] = 'regional';
 
         $canSeeFull = $user !== null && PlanFeatures::for($user)->can('ai_predictions');
 
@@ -146,6 +151,13 @@ final class StationSearchService
             ];
         }
 
+        $result['local_snapshot'] = $this->localSnapshot->snapshot(
+            fuelType: $criteria->fuelType->value,
+            lat: $criteria->lat,
+            lng: $criteria->lng,
+            radiusKm: max(10, (int) $criteria->radiusKm),
+        );
+
         return $result;
     }
 }
diff --git a/config/services.php b/config/services.php
index e736842..e073fd2 100644
--- a/config/services.php
+++ b/config/services.php
@@ -68,6 +68,13 @@ return [
         'provider' => env('LLM_PREDICTION_PROVIDER', 'anthropic'),
     ],
 
+    'forecasting' => [
+        // Phase 9 station-churn trigger is gated until ≥180 days of stable
+        // polling. Flip on once `station_prices` has continuous coverage —
+        // see `.claude/rules/forecasting.md`.
+        'station_churn_enabled' => env('FORECASTING_STATION_CHURN_ENABLED', false),
+    ],
+
     'fuelalert' => [
         'api_key' => env('FUELALERT_API_KEY'),
     ],
diff --git a/database/factories/BacktestFactory.php b/database/factories/BacktestFactory.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a1f4c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/factories/BacktestFactory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Database\Factories;
+
+use App\Models\Backtest;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\Factory;
+
+/** @extends Factory<Backtest> */
+class BacktestFactory extends Factory
+{
+    public function definition(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'model_version' => 'test-'.fake()->unique()->bothify('????????'),
+            'features_json' => ['features' => ['delta_ulsp_lag_0']],
+            'coefficients_json' => null,
+            'train_start' => '2018-01-01',
+            'train_end' => '2024-01-01',
+            'eval_start' => '2024-01-08',
+            'eval_end' => '2026-04-27',
+            'directional_accuracy' => fake()->randomFloat(2, 50, 75),
+            'mae_pence' => fake()->randomFloat(2, 0.4, 1.0),
+            'calibration_table' => ['0.0-0.5' => 0.55, '0.5-1.0' => 0.65, '1.0+' => 0.72],
+            'leak_suspected' => false,
+            'ran_at' => now(),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/database/migrations/2026_05_01_122839_create_backtests_table.php b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_122839_create_backtests_table.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc8f222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_122839_create_backtests_table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::create('backtests', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->id();
+            $table->string('model_version', 64)->unique()->comment('Deterministic hash of FeatureSpec');
+            $table->json('features_json')->comment('Serialised feature spec used for this run');
+            $table->json('coefficients_json')->nullable()->comment('Trained coefficients, null for non-parametric models like NaiveBaseline');
+            $table->date('train_start');
+            $table->date('train_end');
+            $table->date('eval_start');
+            $table->date('eval_end');
+            $table->decimal('directional_accuracy', 5, 2)->nullable()->comment('% of eval weeks where direction class was correct');
+            $table->decimal('mae_pence', 5, 2)->nullable()->comment('Mean absolute error in pence × 100');
+            $table->json('calibration_table')->nullable()->comment('{bin_low..bin_high → empirical_hit_rate}');
+            $table->boolean('leak_suspected')->default(false)->comment('Secondary smell test: directional_accuracy > 75');
+            $table->dateTime('ran_at');
+            $table->timestamps();
+
+            $table->index(['ran_at']);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::dropIfExists('backtests');
+    }
+};
diff --git a/database/migrations/2026_05_01_125121_create_forecast_outcomes_table.php b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_125121_create_forecast_outcomes_table.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98280d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_125121_create_forecast_outcomes_table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::create('forecast_outcomes', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->date('forecast_for');
+            $table->string('model_version', 64);
+            $table->enum('predicted_class', ['rising', 'falling', 'flat']);
+            $table->enum('actual_class', ['rising', 'falling', 'flat']);
+            $table->boolean('correct');
+            $table->unsignedSmallInteger('abs_error_pence')->comment('|predicted − actual|, in pence × 100');
+            $table->dateTime('resolved_at');
+
+            $table->primary(['forecast_for', 'model_version']);
+            $table->index(['model_version', 'resolved_at']);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::dropIfExists('forecast_outcomes');
+    }
+};
diff --git a/database/migrations/2026_05_01_125121_create_weekly_forecasts_table.php b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_125121_create_weekly_forecasts_table.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19fca20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_125121_create_weekly_forecasts_table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::create('weekly_forecasts', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->id();
+            $table->date('forecast_for')->comment('Monday the forecast covers');
+            $table->string('model_version', 64);
+            $table->enum('direction', ['rising', 'falling', 'flat']);
+            $table->smallInteger('magnitude_pence')->comment('Predicted Δ × 100, signed');
+            $table->unsignedTinyInteger('ridge_confidence')->comment('0..100 calibrated from backtest residuals');
+            $table->boolean('flagged_duty_change')->default(false)->comment('±4 weeks of a known duty change');
+            $table->text('reasoning')->comment('Generated from features actually used');
+            $table->dateTime('generated_at');
+            $table->timestamps();
+
+            $table->unique(['forecast_for', 'model_version']);
+            $table->index(['forecast_for', 'generated_at']);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::dropIfExists('weekly_forecasts');
+    }
+};
diff --git a/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130448_create_llm_overlays_table.php b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130448_create_llm_overlays_table.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c467113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130448_create_llm_overlays_table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::create('llm_overlays', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->id();
+            $table->dateTime('ran_at');
+            $table->date('forecast_for_week')->comment('The Monday this overlay annotates');
+            $table->enum('direction', ['rising', 'falling', 'flat']);
+            $table->unsignedTinyInteger('confidence')->comment('0..75 (cap enforced in code — web-searched LLMs are systematically overconfident)');
+            $table->text('reasoning');
+            $table->json('events_json')->comment('Cited events with verified URLs');
+            $table->boolean('agrees_with_ridge');
+            $table->boolean('major_impact_event')->default(false);
+            $table->boolean('volatility_flag_on')->default(false)->comment('Whether the volatility regime flag was active when this row was written');
+            $table->boolean('search_used')->default(true);
+            $table->timestamps();
+
+            $table->index(['forecast_for_week', 'ran_at']);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::dropIfExists('llm_overlays');
+    }
+};
diff --git a/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130519_create_volatility_regimes_table.php b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130519_create_volatility_regimes_table.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9721ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130519_create_volatility_regimes_table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::create('volatility_regimes', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->id();
+            $table->dateTime('flipped_on_at');
+            $table->dateTime('flipped_off_at')->nullable();
+            $table->enum('trigger', ['brent_move', 'llm_event', 'station_churn', 'manual']);
+            $table->text('trigger_detail')->nullable();
+            $table->boolean('active')->default(true);
+            $table->timestamps();
+
+            $table->index(['active', 'flipped_on_at']);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::dropIfExists('volatility_regimes');
+    }
+};
diff --git a/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130519_create_watched_events_table.php b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130519_create_watched_events_table.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e1ccfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2026_05_01_130519_create_watched_events_table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::create('watched_events', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->id();
+            $table->string('label', 128);
+            $table->dateTime('starts_at');
+            $table->dateTime('ends_at');
+            $table->text('notes')->nullable();
+            $table->timestamps();
+
+            $table->index(['starts_at', 'ends_at']);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::dropIfExists('watched_events');
+    }
+};
diff --git a/routes/console.php b/routes/console.php
index b637299..8354a0e 100644
--- a/routes/console.php
+++ b/routes/console.php
@@ -26,13 +26,49 @@ Schedule::command('fuel:poll --full')
     ->onOneServer()
     ->runInBackground();
 
-// Fetch FRED prices and generate oil price prediction daily at 7am
-Schedule::command('oil:predict --fetch')
+// Phase 7: Brent crude refresh at 06:30 UK so the 07:00 LLM overlay has
+// fresh context.
+Schedule::command('oil:fetch')
+    ->dailyAt('06:30')
+    ->withoutOverlapping()
+    ->onOneServer()
+    ->runInBackground();
+
+// Phase 8: news-aware overlay on the calibrated ridge forecast.
+Schedule::command('forecast:llm-overlay')
     ->dailyAt('07:00')
     ->withoutOverlapping()
     ->onOneServer()
     ->runInBackground();
 
+// Pull the latest BEIS Weekly Road Fuel Prices CSV from gov.uk every
+// Monday at 09:30 UK. The publication usually lands earlier in the
+// morning, so 09:30 is a safe buffer. Re-running on the same week is
+// idempotent (upsert keyed on `date`).
+Schedule::command('beis:import')
+    ->mondays()
+    ->at('09:30')
+    ->withoutOverlapping()
+    ->onOneServer()
+    ->runInBackground();
+
+// Phase 6: pair past forecasts with actual outcomes after BEIS
+// publishes. Runs after `beis:import` so the new ULSP row is in DB.
+Schedule::command('forecast:resolve-outcomes')
+    ->mondays()
+    ->at('10:00')
+    ->withoutOverlapping()
+    ->onOneServer()
+    ->runInBackground();
+
+// Phase 9: hourly volatility regime check (Brent moves, LLM events,
+// station churn (gated), watched events).
+Schedule::command('forecast:evaluate-volatility')
+    ->hourly()
+    ->withoutOverlapping()
+    ->onOneServer()
+    ->runInBackground();
+
 // Move station_prices rows older than 12 months into station_prices_archive
 // once a month. Keeps the partitioned hot table bounded.
 Schedule::command('fuel:archive')
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/BrentPriceFetcherTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/BrentPriceFetcherTest.php
index fe720a5..13a4db3 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Services/BrentPriceFetcherTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/BrentPriceFetcherTest.php
@@ -20,6 +20,37 @@ beforeEach(function (): void {
     );
 });
 
+it('backfills a date range from FRED into brent_prices', function (): void {
+    Http::fake([
+        '*api.stlouisfed.org/*' => Http::response([
+            'observations' => [
+                ['date' => '2018-01-02', 'value' => '66.65'],
+                ['date' => '2018-01-03', 'value' => '67.84'],
+                ['date' => '2018-01-04', 'value' => '67.49'],
+                ['date' => '2018-01-05', 'value' => '67.72'],
+            ],
+        ]),
+    ]);
+
+    $count = $this->fetcher->backfillFromFred('2018-01-01', '2018-01-07');
+
+    expect($count)->toBe(4)
+        ->and(BrentPrice::count())->toBe(4)
+        ->and(BrentPrice::find('2018-01-02')->price_usd)->toBe('66.65');
+});
+
+it('throws when FRED backfill returns no usable rows', function (): void {
+    Http::fake([
+        '*api.stlouisfed.org/*' => Http::response([
+            'observations' => [
+                ['date' => '2018-01-01', 'value' => '.'], // FRED placeholder
+            ],
+        ]),
+    ]);
+
+    $this->fetcher->backfillFromFred('2018-01-01', '2018-01-01');
+})->throws(BrentPriceFetchException::class);
+
 it('fetches and stores brent prices from EIA', function (): void {
     Http::fake([
         '*eia.gov/*' => Http::response([
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/BacktestRunnerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/BacktestRunnerTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce0e94e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/BacktestRunnerTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Models\Backtest;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\BacktestRunner;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\WeeklyForecastModel;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\FeatureSpec;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LeakDetectorException;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPrediction;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+/**
+ * Builds a simple feature reading the previous week's value.
+ * Source date offset is configurable so we can simulate leakage.
+ */
+function backtestFeature(string $name, int $offsetDays = -7): ForecastFeature
+{
+    return new class($name, $offsetDays) implements ForecastFeature
+    {
+        public function __construct(
+            private readonly string $featureName,
+            private readonly int $offsetDays,
+        ) {}
+
+        public function name(): string
+        {
+            return $this->featureName;
+        }
+
+        public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): float
+        {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+
+        public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+        {
+            return [$targetMonday->copy()->addDays($this->offsetDays)];
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stub model: predicts a fixed magnitude every week. Lets us craft
+ * specific accuracy / MAE outcomes for assertions.
+ */
+function stubModel(float $alwaysPredictPence, string $modelLabel = 'stub'): WeeklyForecastModel
+{
+    return new class($alwaysPredictPence, $modelLabel) implements WeeklyForecastModel
+    {
+        public function __construct(
+            private readonly float $alwaysPredictPence,
+            private readonly string $modelLabel,
+        ) {}
+
+        public function featureSpec(): FeatureSpec
+        {
+            return new FeatureSpec(
+                modelLabel: $this->modelLabel,
+                features: [backtestFeature('lag_1w')],
+            );
+        }
+
+        public function train(array $trainingMondays): void {}
+
+        public function predict(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): WeeklyPrediction
+        {
+            return new WeeklyPrediction(
+                targetMonday: $targetMonday,
+                magnitudePence: $this->alwaysPredictPence,
+                direction: match (true) {
+                    $this->alwaysPredictPence > 0.2 => 'rising',
+                    $this->alwaysPredictPence < -0.2 => 'falling',
+                    default => 'flat',
+                },
+            );
+        }
+
+        public function coefficients(): ?array
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+function seedWeeklyPumpPrices(): void
+{
+    // 8 weeks of synthetic prices, gently rising
+    $start = Carbon::parse('2024-01-01');
+    for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++) {
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+            'date' => $start->copy()->addWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'ulsp_pence' => 14000 + ($i * 100), // each week +1p
+            'ulsd_pence' => 15000 + ($i * 80),
+            'ulsp_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsd_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+            'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+        ]);
+    }
+}
+
+it('refuses to run when the spec has structural leakage', function () {
+    seedWeeklyPumpPrices();
+
+    $leaky = new class implements WeeklyForecastModel
+    {
+        public function featureSpec(): FeatureSpec
+        {
+            return new FeatureSpec(
+                modelLabel: 'leaky',
+                features: [backtestFeature('reads_target_week', 0)],
+            );
+        }
+
+        public function train(array $trainingMondays): void {}
+
+        public function predict(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): WeeklyPrediction
+        {
+            return new WeeklyPrediction($targetMonday, 0.0, 'flat');
+        }
+
+        public function coefficients(): ?array
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    };
+
+    (new BacktestRunner)->run(
+        $leaky,
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-01-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-02-05'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-02-19'),
+    );
+})->throws(LeakDetectorException::class);
+
+it('persists a backtest row with metrics for a clean run', function () {
+    seedWeeklyPumpPrices();
+
+    $result = (new BacktestRunner)->run(
+        stubModel(alwaysPredictPence: 100.0), // always predicts +1p
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-01-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-02-05'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-02-19'),
+    );
+
+    expect($result)->toBeInstanceOf(Backtest::class);
+    expect(Backtest::query()->count())->toBe(1);
+
+    $row = Backtest::query()->first();
+    expect($row->model_version)->toStartWith('stub-')
+        ->and($row->train_start->toDateString())->toBe('2024-01-01')
+        ->and($row->eval_end->toDateString())->toBe('2024-02-19')
+        ->and($row->ran_at)->not->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('computes 100% directional accuracy when stub always nails the direction', function () {
+    seedWeeklyPumpPrices();
+
+    // Series rises by 1p every week, so direction is always 'rising'.
+    // Stub always predicts +1p (rising) → direction should always match.
+    $result = (new BacktestRunner)->run(
+        stubModel(alwaysPredictPence: 100.0),
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-01-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-02-05'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-02-19'),
+    );
+
+    expect((float) $result->directional_accuracy)->toBe(100.0);
+});
+
+it('computes 0% directional accuracy when stub always picks the wrong direction', function () {
+    seedWeeklyPumpPrices();
+
+    // Series rises every week, but stub predicts -1p (falling) → 0% accuracy.
+    $result = (new BacktestRunner)->run(
+        stubModel(alwaysPredictPence: -100.0),
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-01-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-02-05'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-02-19'),
+    );
+
+    expect((float) $result->directional_accuracy)->toBe(0.0);
+});
+
+it('flags leak_suspected when directional accuracy exceeds 75%', function () {
+    seedWeeklyPumpPrices();
+
+    $result = (new BacktestRunner)->run(
+        stubModel(alwaysPredictPence: 100.0), // always right → 100%
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-01-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-02-05'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-02-19'),
+    );
+
+    expect($result->leak_suspected)->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+it('does not flag leak_suspected for realistic accuracy', function () {
+    seedWeeklyPumpPrices();
+
+    // Use same direction as data so we get reasonable but not suspicious accuracy.
+    // Stub flat → wrong every week (data is rising) → 0%, well below 75.
+    $result = (new BacktestRunner)->run(
+        stubModel(alwaysPredictPence: 0.0),
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-01-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-02-05'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-02-19'),
+    );
+
+    expect($result->leak_suspected)->toBeFalse();
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/BeisImporterTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/BeisImporterTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbaf88d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/BeisImporterTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\BeisImporter;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+beforeEach(function (): void {
+    Http::preventStrayRequests();
+});
+
+function fakeBeisCsv(string $body, string $cdnUrl = 'https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/abc/weekly_road_fuel_prices_270426.csv'): void
+{
+    Http::fake([
+        'https://www.gov.uk/api/content/government/statistics/weekly-road-fuel-prices' => Http::response([
+            'details' => [
+                'attachments' => [
+                    ['title' => 'Weekly road fuel prices (Excel)', 'url' => 'https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/x/excel.xlsx'],
+                    ['title' => 'Weekly road fuel prices (CSV) 2018 to 2026', 'url' => $cdnUrl],
+                    ['title' => 'Weekly road fuel prices (CSV) 2003 to 2017', 'url' => 'https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/y/old.csv'],
+                ],
+            ],
+        ]),
+        $cdnUrl => Http::response($body, 200, ['Content-Type' => 'text/csv']),
+    ]);
+}
+
+it('resolves the CSV URL from the gov.uk content API and upserts rows', function (): void {
+    $csv = "Date,ULSP,ULSD,ULSP duty,ULSD duty,ULSP VAT,ULSD VAT\r\n"
+        ."20/04/2026,157.62,191.24,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n"
+        ."27/04/2026,156.99,189.81,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n";
+
+    fakeBeisCsv($csv);
+
+    $result = (new BeisImporter)->import();
+
+    expect($result['parsed'])->toBe(2)
+        ->and($result['latest_date'])->toBe('2026-04-27')
+        ->and(DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->count())->toBe(2);
+
+    $row = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->where('date', '2026-04-27')->first();
+    expect((int) $row->ulsp_pence)->toBe(15699)
+        ->and((int) $row->ulsd_pence)->toBe(18981);
+});
+
+it('is idempotent on re-run with no new rows', function (): void {
+    $csv = "Date,ULSP,ULSD,ULSP duty,ULSD duty,ULSP VAT,ULSD VAT\r\n"
+        ."27/04/2026,156.99,189.81,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n";
+    fakeBeisCsv($csv);
+
+    (new BeisImporter)->import();
+    (new BeisImporter)->import();
+
+    expect(DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->count())->toBe(1);
+});
+
+it('updates existing rows when CSV values change (upsert)', function (): void {
+    // Seed a stale row directly so we can prove the import overwrites it.
+    DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+        'date' => '2026-04-27',
+        'ulsp_pence' => 15500,
+        'ulsd_pence' => 18900,
+        'ulsp_duty_pence' => 5295,
+        'ulsd_duty_pence' => 5295,
+        'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+        'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+    ]);
+
+    $csv = "Date,ULSP,ULSD,ULSP duty,ULSD duty,ULSP VAT,ULSD VAT\r\n"
+        ."27/04/2026,157.05,189.85,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n";
+    fakeBeisCsv($csv);
+
+    (new BeisImporter)->import();
+
+    $row = DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->where('date', '2026-04-27')->first();
+    expect((int) $row->ulsp_pence)->toBe(15705) // updated from 15500
+        ->and((int) $row->ulsd_pence)->toBe(18985);
+});
+
+it('throws when gov.uk API does not contain the expected CSV attachment', function (): void {
+    Http::fake([
+        'https://www.gov.uk/api/content/government/statistics/weekly-road-fuel-prices' => Http::response([
+            'details' => ['attachments' => [
+                ['title' => 'Some other thing', 'url' => 'https://x'],
+            ]],
+        ]),
+    ]);
+
+    (new BeisImporter)->import();
+})->throws(RuntimeException::class, 'did not return an attachment');
+
+it('flushes the forecast cache after a successful import', function (): void {
+    Cache::put('forecast:current:something', 'stale', 3600);
+
+    $csv = "Date,ULSP,ULSD,ULSP duty,ULSD duty,ULSP VAT,ULSD VAT\r\n"
+        ."27/04/2026,156.99,189.81,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n";
+    fakeBeisCsv($csv);
+
+    (new BeisImporter)->import();
+
+    expect(Cache::get('forecast:current:something'))->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('skips malformed rows but imports the rest', function (): void {
+    $csv = "Date,ULSP,ULSD,ULSP duty,ULSD duty,ULSP VAT,ULSD VAT\r\n"
+        ."27/04/2026,156.99,189.81,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n"
+        ."not-a-date,123,123,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n"
+        ."20/04/2026,157.62,191.24,52.95,52.95,20,20\r\n";
+
+    fakeBeisCsv($csv);
+
+    $result = (new BeisImporter)->import();
+
+    expect($result['parsed'])->toBe(2)
+        ->and(DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->count())->toBe(2);
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Features/FeaturesTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Features/FeaturesTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f62a3af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Features/FeaturesTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\DeltaUlsdLag;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\DeltaUlspLag;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\IsPreBankHoliday;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\UlspMinusMa8;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\WeekOfYearTrig;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+function seedRisingTenWeeks(int $base = 14000, int $stepUlsp = 100, int $stepUlsd = 80): void
+{
+    $start = Carbon::parse('2024-01-01');
+    for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+            'date' => $start->copy()->addWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'ulsp_pence' => $base + ($i * $stepUlsp),
+            'ulsd_pence' => 15000 + ($i * $stepUlsd),
+            'ulsp_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsd_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+            'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+        ]);
+    }
+}
+
+it('DeltaUlspLag(0) returns ULSP[t-7d] − ULSP[t-14d]', function () {
+    seedRisingTenWeeks();
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0);
+
+    // Target = 2024-02-26 → t-7d = 2024-02-19 (ulsp=14700), t-14d = 2024-02-12 (14600).
+    $value = $feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2024-02-26'));
+    expect($value)->toBe(100.0);
+});
+
+it('DeltaUlspLag(3) returns ULSP[t-28d] − ULSP[t-35d]', function () {
+    seedRisingTenWeeks();
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 3);
+
+    // Target = 2024-03-04 → t-28d = 2024-02-05 (14500), t-35d = 2024-01-29 (14400).
+    $value = $feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2024-03-04'));
+    expect($value)->toBe(100.0);
+});
+
+it('DeltaUlspLag returns null when underlying data is missing', function () {
+    seedRisingTenWeeks();
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0);
+
+    // Target before any seeded data → both lookups miss.
+    $value = $feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2017-01-01'));
+    expect($value)->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('DeltaUlspLag source dates are strictly before target', function () {
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0);
+
+    $target = Carbon::parse('2024-06-03');
+    $sources = $feature->sourceDates($target);
+    foreach ($sources as $s) {
+        expect($s->lessThan($target))->toBeTrue();
+    }
+});
+
+it('DeltaUlsdLag(0) returns ULSD difference for the previous week', function () {
+    seedRisingTenWeeks();
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new DeltaUlsdLag($loader, lag: 0);
+
+    // Diesel rises by 80 each week. lag 0 = t-7 minus t-14.
+    $value = $feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2024-02-26'));
+    expect($value)->toBe(80.0);
+});
+
+it('UlspMinusMa8 returns the gap between latest and 8-week mean', function () {
+    seedRisingTenWeeks();
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new UlspMinusMa8($loader);
+
+    // Target = 2024-03-04. Window = 2024-02-26 (latest) ... 2024-01-08 (oldest).
+    // Values: 14800, 14700, 14600, 14500, 14400, 14300, 14200, 14100.
+    // Latest = 14800, mean = 14450. Gap = 350.
+    $value = $feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2024-03-04'));
+    expect($value)->toBe(350.0);
+});
+
+it('UlspMinusMa8 returns null when 8-week window is incomplete', function () {
+    seedRisingTenWeeks();
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new UlspMinusMa8($loader);
+
+    // Target only has 1 week of history before it.
+    $value = $feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2024-01-08'));
+    expect($value)->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('UlspMinusMa8 source dates are 8 weeks back, all before target', function () {
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $feature = new UlspMinusMa8($loader);
+
+    $target = Carbon::parse('2024-06-03');
+    $sources = $feature->sourceDates($target);
+    expect($sources)->toHaveCount(8);
+    foreach ($sources as $s) {
+        expect($s->lessThan($target))->toBeTrue();
+    }
+});
+
+it('WeekOfYearTrig returns sin/cos values bounded by [-1,1]', function () {
+    $sin = new WeekOfYearTrig('sin');
+    $cos = new WeekOfYearTrig('cos');
+
+    foreach (['2024-01-01', '2024-04-15', '2024-07-29', '2024-12-30'] as $d) {
+        $sv = $sin->valueFor(Carbon::parse($d));
+        $cv = $cos->valueFor(Carbon::parse($d));
+        expect($sv)->toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(-1.0)->toBeLessThanOrEqual(1.0)
+            ->and($cv)->toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(-1.0)->toBeLessThanOrEqual(1.0);
+    }
+});
+
+it('WeekOfYearTrig source dates are empty (calendar feature)', function () {
+    $feature = new WeekOfYearTrig('sin');
+    expect($feature->sourceDates(Carbon::parse('2024-06-03')))->toBe([]);
+});
+
+it('WeekOfYearTrig rejects unknown components', function () {
+    new WeekOfYearTrig('tan');
+})->throws(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+it('IsPreBankHoliday is 1.0 when a UK bank holiday is in the next 7 days', function () {
+    $feature = new IsPreBankHoliday;
+    // 2024-04-01 is Easter Monday → that week itself contains a holiday.
+    expect($feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2024-04-01')))->toBe(1.0);
+});
+
+it('IsPreBankHoliday is 0.0 in a quiet stretch', function () {
+    $feature = new IsPreBankHoliday;
+    expect($feature->valueFor(Carbon::parse('2024-07-15')))->toBe(0.0);
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetectorTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetectorTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23b2fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LeakDetectorTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Contracts\ForecastFeature;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\FeatureSpec;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LeakDetector;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LeakReport;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Carbon\CarbonInterface;
+
+function makeFeature(string $name, array $offsetsInDays): ForecastFeature
+{
+    return new class($name, $offsetsInDays) implements ForecastFeature
+    {
+        /** @param array<int, int> $offsetsInDays */
+        public function __construct(
+            private readonly string $featureName,
+            private readonly array $offsetsInDays,
+        ) {}
+
+        public function name(): string
+        {
+            return $this->featureName;
+        }
+
+        public function valueFor(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): float
+        {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+
+        public function sourceDates(CarbonInterface $targetMonday): array
+        {
+            return array_map(
+                fn (int $offset): CarbonInterface => $targetMonday->copy()->addDays($offset),
+                $this->offsetsInDays,
+            );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+it('passes when every feature reads strictly before the target Monday', function () {
+    $spec = new FeatureSpec(
+        modelLabel: 'test',
+        features: [
+            makeFeature('lag_1w', [-7]),
+            makeFeature('lag_4w', [-7, -14, -21, -28]),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    $report = (new LeakDetector)->validate($spec, [Carbon::parse('2024-06-03')]);
+
+    expect($report)->toBeInstanceOf(LeakReport::class)
+        ->and($report->hasLeaks())->toBeFalse()
+        ->and($report->leaks)->toBe([]);
+});
+
+it('flags a feature whose source date IS the target Monday', function () {
+    $spec = new FeatureSpec(
+        modelLabel: 'test',
+        features: [makeFeature('same_day', [0])],
+    );
+
+    $report = (new LeakDetector)->validate($spec, [Carbon::parse('2024-06-03')]);
+
+    expect($report->hasLeaks())->toBeTrue()
+        ->and($report->leaks)->toHaveCount(1)
+        ->and($report->leaks[0]['feature'])->toBe('same_day');
+});
+
+it('flags a feature whose source date is AFTER the target Monday', function () {
+    $spec = new FeatureSpec(
+        modelLabel: 'test',
+        features: [makeFeature('future', [7])],
+    );
+
+    $report = (new LeakDetector)->validate($spec, [Carbon::parse('2024-06-03')]);
+
+    expect($report->hasLeaks())->toBeTrue()
+        ->and($report->leaks[0]['feature'])->toBe('future')
+        ->and($report->leaks[0]['target_monday'])->toBe('2024-06-03')
+        ->and($report->leaks[0]['source_date'])->toBe('2024-06-10');
+});
+
+it('checks every training week, not just the first', function () {
+    $spec = new FeatureSpec(
+        modelLabel: 'test',
+        features: [makeFeature('lag_1w', [-7])],
+    );
+
+    $weeks = [
+        Carbon::parse('2024-06-03'),
+        Carbon::parse('2024-06-10'),
+        Carbon::parse('2024-06-17'),
+    ];
+
+    $report = (new LeakDetector)->validate($spec, $weeks);
+
+    expect($report->hasLeaks())->toBeFalse();
+});
+
+it('reports multiple leaks across multiple features', function () {
+    $spec = new FeatureSpec(
+        modelLabel: 'test',
+        features: [
+            makeFeature('clean', [-7]),
+            makeFeature('leaky_one', [0]),
+            makeFeature('leaky_two', [3]),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    $report = (new LeakDetector)->validate($spec, [Carbon::parse('2024-06-03')]);
+
+    expect($report->hasLeaks())->toBeTrue()
+        ->and($report->leaks)->toHaveCount(2);
+
+    $featureNames = array_column($report->leaks, 'feature');
+    expect($featureNames)->toContain('leaky_one', 'leaky_two')
+        ->and($featureNames)->not->toContain('clean');
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LinearAlgebraTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LinearAlgebraTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dd1afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LinearAlgebraTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LinearAlgebra;
+
+it('transposes a 2x3 to a 3x2', function () {
+    $m = [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]];
+    expect(LinearAlgebra::transpose($m))->toBe([
+        [1.0, 4.0],
+        [2.0, 5.0],
+        [3.0, 6.0],
+    ]);
+});
+
+it('multiplies two compatible matrices', function () {
+    $a = [[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]];
+    $b = [[5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0]];
+    // Hand-checked: [[19,22],[43,50]]
+    expect(LinearAlgebra::multiply($a, $b))->toBe([
+        [19.0, 22.0],
+        [43.0, 50.0],
+    ]);
+});
+
+it('multiplies a matrix by a vector', function () {
+    $a = [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]];
+    $v = [1.0, 0.0, -1.0];
+    expect(LinearAlgebra::multiplyVector($a, $v))->toBe([-2.0, -2.0]);
+});
+
+it('builds an identity matrix', function () {
+    expect(LinearAlgebra::identity(3))->toBe([
+        [1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+        [0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
+        [0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
+    ]);
+});
+
+it('solves a 2x2 linear system', function () {
+    // 2x + y  = 5
+    //  x + 3y = 10  →  x=1, y=3
+    $A = [[2.0, 1.0], [1.0, 3.0]];
+    $b = [5.0, 10.0];
+    $x = LinearAlgebra::solve($A, $b);
+    expect($x[0])->toBeGreaterThan(0.999)->toBeLessThan(1.001)
+        ->and($x[1])->toBeGreaterThan(2.999)->toBeLessThan(3.001);
+});
+
+it('solves a 3x3 linear system with partial pivoting', function () {
+    // First pivot is 0 — only succeeds with partial pivoting.
+    // det(A) = -4 (non-singular). Solution: x=2, y=1, z=3 → b = [5, 6, 13]
+    $A = [[0.0, 2.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0], [2.0, 0.0, 3.0]];
+    $b = [5.0, 6.0, 13.0];
+    $x = LinearAlgebra::solve($A, $b);
+    expect($x[0])->toEqualWithDelta(2.0, 1e-9)
+        ->and($x[1])->toEqualWithDelta(1.0, 1e-9)
+        ->and($x[2])->toEqualWithDelta(3.0, 1e-9);
+});
+
+it('ridgeSolve recovers a known signal under low lambda', function () {
+    // y = 3x + noise. Lambda = 0.001 (effectively OLS).
+    // X is single-feature. Expect coefficient ≈ 3.
+    $X = [[1.0], [2.0], [3.0], [4.0], [5.0]];
+    $y = [3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, 15.0];
+    $beta = LinearAlgebra::ridgeSolve($X, $y, 0.001);
+    expect($beta[0])->toEqualWithDelta(3.0, 1e-3);
+});
+
+it('ridgeSolve shrinks coefficients toward zero with high lambda', function () {
+    $X = [[1.0], [2.0], [3.0], [4.0], [5.0]];
+    $y = [3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, 15.0];
+    $betaLow = LinearAlgebra::ridgeSolve($X, $y, 0.001);
+    $betaHigh = LinearAlgebra::ridgeSolve($X, $y, 1000.0);
+    expect(abs($betaHigh[0]))->toBeLessThan(abs($betaLow[0]));
+});
+
+it('rejects multiplication of incompatible matrices', function () {
+    $a = [[1.0, 2.0]];           // 1x2
+    $b = [[1.0], [2.0], [3.0]]; // 3x1
+    LinearAlgebra::multiply($a, $b);
+})->throws(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+it('throws when solving a singular matrix', function () {
+    $A = [[1.0, 2.0], [2.0, 4.0]]; // row 2 is 2× row 1
+    $b = [3.0, 6.0];
+    LinearAlgebra::solve($A, $b);
+})->throws(RuntimeException::class);
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LlmOverlayServiceTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LlmOverlayServiceTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..473a130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LlmOverlayServiceTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Models\LlmOverlay;
+use App\Services\ApiLogger;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LlmOverlayService;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyForecastService;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Config;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+beforeEach(function (): void {
+    Cache::flush();
+    Config::set('services.anthropic.api_key', 'test-key');
+});
+
+function fakeAnthropicWithOverlay(string $direction, int $confidence, array $events, bool $major = false): void
+{
+    Http::fake([
+        '*api.anthropic.com/*' => Http::sequence()
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'end_turn',
+                'content' => [['type' => 'text', 'text' => 'Search summary.']],
+            ])
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'tool_use',
+                'content' => [[
+                    'type' => 'tool_use',
+                    'name' => 'submit_overlay',
+                    'input' => [
+                        'direction' => $direction,
+                        'confidence' => $confidence,
+                        'reasoning_short' => 'Test reasoning.',
+                        'events_cited' => $events,
+                        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+                        'major_impact_event' => $major,
+                    ],
+                ]],
+            ]),
+        // URL HEAD verification probes — accept everything by default
+        '*' => Http::response('', 200),
+    ]);
+}
+
+it('skips when ANTHROPIC_API_KEY is not set', function (): void {
+    Config::set('services.anthropic.api_key', null);
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+
+    expect($service->run())->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('rejects the overlay when no events are cited', function (): void {
+    fakeAnthropicWithOverlay('rising', 60, []);
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+
+    expect($service->run())->toBeNull()
+        ->and(LlmOverlay::query()->count())->toBe(0);
+});
+
+it('verifies a URL via GET fallback when HEAD returns 405', function (): void {
+    Http::fake([
+        '*api.anthropic.com/*' => Http::sequence()
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'end_turn',
+                'content' => [['type' => 'text', 'text' => 'ok']],
+            ])
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'tool_use',
+                'content' => [[
+                    'type' => 'tool_use',
+                    'name' => 'submit_overlay',
+                    'input' => [
+                        'direction' => 'rising',
+                        'confidence' => 60,
+                        'reasoning_short' => 'Hostile-to-HEAD source.',
+                        'events_cited' => [
+                            ['headline' => 'OPEC', 'source' => 'Reuters', 'url' => 'https://reuters.com/x', 'impact' => 'rising'],
+                        ],
+                        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+                        'major_impact_event' => false,
+                    ],
+                ]],
+            ]),
+        'reuters.com/*' => Http::sequence()
+            ->push('', 405)               // HEAD → 405 Method Not Allowed
+            ->push('partial-body', 200), // GET fallback succeeds
+    ]);
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+    $row = $service->run();
+
+    expect($row)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($row->events_json)->toHaveCount(1);
+});
+
+it('rejects the overlay when both HEAD and GET fail', function (): void {
+    Http::fake([
+        '*api.anthropic.com/*' => Http::sequence()
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'end_turn',
+                'content' => [['type' => 'text', 'text' => 'ok']],
+            ])
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'tool_use',
+                'content' => [[
+                    'type' => 'tool_use',
+                    'name' => 'submit_overlay',
+                    'input' => [
+                        'direction' => 'rising',
+                        'confidence' => 60,
+                        'reasoning_short' => 'Truly dead URL.',
+                        'events_cited' => [
+                            ['headline' => 'X', 'source' => 'Reuters', 'url' => 'https://example.com/dead', 'impact' => 'rising'],
+                        ],
+                        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+                        'major_impact_event' => false,
+                    ],
+                ]],
+            ]),
+        'example.com/*' => Http::sequence()
+            ->push('', 404)  // HEAD → 404
+            ->push('', 404), // GET → still 404
+    ]);
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+
+    expect($service->run())->toBeNull()
+        ->and(LlmOverlay::query()->count())->toBe(0);
+});
+
+it('rejects the overlay when every cited URL is unreachable', function (): void {
+    Http::fake([
+        '*api.anthropic.com/*' => Http::sequence()
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'end_turn',
+                'content' => [['type' => 'text', 'text' => 'ok']],
+            ])
+            ->push([
+                'stop_reason' => 'tool_use',
+                'content' => [[
+                    'type' => 'tool_use',
+                    'name' => 'submit_overlay',
+                    'input' => [
+                        'direction' => 'rising',
+                        'confidence' => 60,
+                        'reasoning_short' => 'Test.',
+                        'events_cited' => [
+                            ['headline' => 'X', 'source' => 'Reuters', 'url' => 'https://example.com/dead', 'impact' => 'rising'],
+                        ],
+                        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+                        'major_impact_event' => false,
+                    ],
+                ]],
+            ]),
+        'example.com/*' => Http::response('', 404),
+    ]);
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+
+    expect($service->run())->toBeNull()
+        ->and(LlmOverlay::query()->count())->toBe(0);
+});
+
+it('persists an overlay row with verified citations and capped confidence', function (): void {
+    fakeAnthropicWithOverlay(
+        direction: 'rising',
+        confidence: 95, // above cap → expect capped to 75
+        events: [
+            ['headline' => 'OPEC cuts output', 'source' => 'Reuters', 'url' => 'https://reuters.com/opec', 'impact' => 'rising'],
+        ],
+        major: true,
+    );
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+
+    $row = $service->run();
+
+    expect($row)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($row->direction)->toBe('rising')
+        ->and($row->confidence)->toBe(75) // capped
+        ->and($row->major_impact_event)->toBeTrue()
+        ->and($row->search_used)->toBeTrue()
+        ->and($row->events_json)->toHaveCount(1);
+});
+
+it('honors the 4-hour cooldown for event-driven calls', function (): void {
+    Carbon::setTestNow('2026-05-01 10:00:00');
+    DB::table('llm_overlays')->insert([
+        'ran_at' => Carbon::parse('2026-05-01 08:00:00'),
+        'forecast_for_week' => '2026-05-04',
+        'direction' => 'rising',
+        'confidence' => 60,
+        'reasoning' => 'prior',
+        'events_json' => json_encode([['headline' => 'x', 'url' => 'https://reuters.com/x']]),
+        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+        'major_impact_event' => false,
+        'volatility_flag_on' => false,
+        'search_used' => true,
+        'created_at' => now(),
+        'updated_at' => now(),
+    ]);
+
+    fakeAnthropicWithOverlay('falling', 40, [
+        ['headline' => 'A', 'source' => 'X', 'url' => 'https://reuters.com/a', 'impact' => 'falling'],
+    ]);
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+
+    expect($service->run(eventDriven: true))->toBeNull() // <4h since prior
+        ->and(LlmOverlay::query()->count())->toBe(1);    // no new row inserted
+
+    Carbon::setTestNow();
+});
+
+it('always runs (ignores cooldown) when not event-driven', function (): void {
+    Carbon::setTestNow('2026-05-01 10:00:00');
+    DB::table('llm_overlays')->insert([
+        'ran_at' => Carbon::parse('2026-05-01 08:00:00'),
+        'forecast_for_week' => '2026-05-04',
+        'direction' => 'rising',
+        'confidence' => 60,
+        'reasoning' => 'prior',
+        'events_json' => json_encode([['headline' => 'x', 'url' => 'https://reuters.com/x']]),
+        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+        'major_impact_event' => false,
+        'volatility_flag_on' => false,
+        'search_used' => true,
+        'created_at' => now(),
+        'updated_at' => now(),
+    ]);
+
+    fakeAnthropicWithOverlay('falling', 40, [
+        ['headline' => 'A', 'source' => 'X', 'url' => 'https://reuters.com/a', 'impact' => 'falling'],
+    ]);
+
+    $service = new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class));
+
+    expect($service->run())->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and(LlmOverlay::query()->count())->toBe(2);
+
+    Carbon::setTestNow();
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LocalSnapshotServiceTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LocalSnapshotServiceTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..194251e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/LocalSnapshotServiceTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Models\Station;
+use App\Models\StationPriceCurrent;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LocalSnapshotService;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+function seedStation(float $lat, float $lng, int $pence, bool $supermarket = false, ?string $name = 'Test', ?string $brand = null): Station
+{
+    $s = Station::factory()->create([
+        'lat' => $lat,
+        'lng' => $lng,
+        'is_supermarket' => $supermarket,
+        'trading_name' => $name,
+        'brand_name' => $brand,
+    ]);
+    StationPriceCurrent::factory()->create([
+        'station_id' => $s->node_id,
+        'fuel_type' => 'e10',
+        'price_pence' => $pence,
+    ]);
+
+    return $s;
+}
+
+it('returns the national average across all stations regardless of geo', function () {
+    seedStation(51.5, -0.1, 14000);
+    seedStation(53.5, -2.2, 15000);
+
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.1);
+
+    expect($snapshot['national_avg_pence'])->toBe(145.0);
+});
+
+it('returns the local average filtered to within 50km', function () {
+    seedStation(51.5, -0.1, 14000);    // London → near coord
+    seedStation(53.5, -2.2, 16000);    // Manchester → far
+
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.1);
+
+    expect($snapshot['local_avg_pence'])->toBe(140.0)
+        ->and($snapshot['local_minus_national_pence'])->toBe(-10.0);
+});
+
+it('returns the cheapest nearby stations sorted by price ascending', function () {
+    seedStation(51.5010, -0.1415, 14500, name: 'A');
+    seedStation(51.5020, -0.1420, 14000, name: 'B');
+    seedStation(51.5030, -0.1430, 14250, name: 'C');
+
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.14);
+
+    expect($snapshot['cheapest_nearby'])->toHaveCount(3)
+        ->and($snapshot['cheapest_nearby'][0]['price_pence'])->toBe(14000)
+        ->and($snapshot['cheapest_nearby'][0]['name'])->toBe('B')
+        ->and($snapshot['cheapest_nearby'][2]['price_pence'])->toBe(14500);
+});
+
+it('caps cheapest_nearby at 5 even when more match', function () {
+    for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++) {
+        seedStation(51.5 + $i * 0.001, -0.1, 14000 + $i * 50);
+    }
+
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.1);
+
+    expect($snapshot['cheapest_nearby'])->toHaveCount(5);
+});
+
+it('computes the supermarket / major split and the gap', function () {
+    seedStation(51.5, -0.1, 14000, supermarket: true, name: 'Asda');
+    seedStation(51.501, -0.101, 14200, supermarket: true, name: 'Tesco');
+    seedStation(51.502, -0.102, 14600, supermarket: false, name: 'Shell');
+    seedStation(51.503, -0.103, 14800, supermarket: false, name: 'BP');
+
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.1);
+
+    // Supermarket avg = 141, major avg = 147, gap = -6.0
+    expect($snapshot['supermarket_avg_pence'])->toBe(141.0)
+        ->and($snapshot['major_avg_pence'])->toBe(147.0)
+        ->and($snapshot['supermarket_gap_pence'])->toBe(-6.0);
+});
+
+it('returns null gap when one side is empty', function () {
+    seedStation(51.5, -0.1, 14000, supermarket: true);
+
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.1);
+
+    expect($snapshot['supermarket_avg_pence'])->toBe(140.0)
+        ->and($snapshot['major_avg_pence'])->toBeNull()
+        ->and($snapshot['supermarket_gap_pence'])->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('counts stations within radius', function () {
+    seedStation(51.5, -0.1, 14000);
+    seedStation(51.501, -0.101, 14200);
+    seedStation(53.5, -2.2, 14400);     // far away
+
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.1, 25);
+
+    expect($snapshot['stations_within_radius'])->toBe(2);
+});
+
+it('returns null prices when there is no data at all', function () {
+    $snapshot = (new LocalSnapshotService)->snapshot('e10', 51.5, -0.1);
+
+    expect($snapshot['national_avg_pence'])->toBeNull()
+        ->and($snapshot['local_avg_pence'])->toBeNull()
+        ->and($snapshot['supermarket_avg_pence'])->toBeNull()
+        ->and($snapshot['major_avg_pence'])->toBeNull()
+        ->and($snapshot['cheapest_nearby'])->toBe([])
+        ->and($snapshot['stations_within_radius'])->toBe(0);
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Models/NaiveZeroChangeModelTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Models/NaiveZeroChangeModelTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b2b374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Models/NaiveZeroChangeModelTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\BacktestRunner;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Models\NaiveZeroChangeModel;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+it('predicts zero change with flat direction', function () {
+    $model = new NaiveZeroChangeModel;
+
+    $prediction = $model->predict(Carbon::parse('2024-06-03'));
+
+    expect($prediction->magnitudePence)->toBe(0.0)
+        ->and($prediction->direction)->toBe('flat');
+});
+
+it('has an empty FeatureSpec (no features by design)', function () {
+    $model = new NaiveZeroChangeModel;
+
+    $spec = $model->featureSpec();
+
+    expect($spec->modelLabel)->toBe('naive-zero')
+        ->and($spec->features)->toBe([])
+        ->and($spec->modelVersion())->toStartWith('naive-zero-');
+});
+
+it('runs cleanly through the backtest harness on real-shape data', function () {
+    // 8 weeks gently rising — naive predicts flat → expect 0% accuracy.
+    $start = Carbon::parse('2024-01-01');
+    for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++) {
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+            'date' => $start->copy()->addWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'ulsp_pence' => 14000 + ($i * 100),
+            'ulsd_pence' => 15000 + ($i * 80),
+            'ulsp_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsd_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+            'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    $result = (new BacktestRunner)->run(
+        new NaiveZeroChangeModel,
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-01-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-02-05'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-02-19'),
+    );
+
+    expect((float) $result->directional_accuracy)->toBe(0.0)
+        ->and((float) $result->mae_pence)->toBe(1.0)
+        ->and($result->leak_suspected)->toBeFalse();
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Models/RidgeRegressionModelTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Models/RidgeRegressionModelTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d06e44d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Models/RidgeRegressionModelTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\BacktestRunner;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\DeltaUlspLag;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Features\UlspMinusMa8;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\FeatureSpec;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Models\NaiveZeroChangeModel;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\Models\RidgeRegressionModel;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+function seedRidgeFixture(int $weeks = 30): void
+{
+    // Synthetic sequence with strong autocorrelation: each week's ULSP
+    // tracks last week's change. Ridge should pick this up.
+    $start = Carbon::parse('2024-01-01');
+    $price = 14000;
+    $lastDelta = 0;
+    for ($i = 0; $i < $weeks; $i++) {
+        // Persistent momentum: this week ≈ last week's delta + small noise.
+        if ($i === 0) {
+            $delta = 50;
+        } else {
+            $delta = (int) round($lastDelta * 0.8 + 10); // mild reversion + drift
+        }
+        $price += $delta;
+        $lastDelta = $delta;
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+            'date' => $start->copy()->addWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'ulsp_pence' => $price,
+            'ulsd_pence' => $price + 800,
+            'ulsp_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsd_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+            'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+        ]);
+    }
+}
+
+it('train + predict produces a non-zero, finite magnitude', function () {
+    seedRidgeFixture(30);
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $model = new RidgeRegressionModel(
+        spec: new FeatureSpec('ridge-test', [
+            new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0),
+            new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 1),
+            new UlspMinusMa8($loader),
+        ]),
+        loader: $loader,
+        lambda: 1.0,
+    );
+
+    $training = collect(range(0, 20))->map(fn (int $i): Carbon => Carbon::parse('2024-01-01')->addWeeks($i))->all();
+    $model->train($training);
+
+    $prediction = $model->predict(Carbon::parse('2024-06-03'));
+    expect(is_finite($prediction->magnitudePence))->toBeTrue()
+        ->and($prediction->direction)->toBeIn(['rising', 'falling', 'flat']);
+});
+
+it('coefficients() returns a structured payload after training', function () {
+    seedRidgeFixture(30);
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $features = [
+        new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0),
+        new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 1),
+    ];
+    $model = new RidgeRegressionModel(
+        spec: new FeatureSpec('ridge-test', $features),
+        loader: $loader,
+        lambda: 1.0,
+    );
+
+    $training = collect(range(0, 20))->map(fn (int $i): Carbon => Carbon::parse('2024-01-01')->addWeeks($i))->all();
+    $model->train($training);
+
+    $c = $model->coefficients();
+    expect($c)->toHaveKey('intercept')
+        ->and($c)->toHaveKey('lambda')
+        ->and($c['lambda'])->toBe(1.0)
+        ->and($c['features'])->toHaveKey('delta_ulsp_lag_0')
+        ->and($c['features']['delta_ulsp_lag_0'])->toHaveKey('beta_standardised')
+        ->and($c['features']['delta_ulsp_lag_0'])->toHaveKey('mean')
+        ->and($c['features']['delta_ulsp_lag_0'])->toHaveKey('std_dev');
+});
+
+it('throws when predict is called before train', function () {
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $model = new RidgeRegressionModel(
+        spec: new FeatureSpec('ridge-test', [new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0)]),
+        loader: $loader,
+        lambda: 1.0,
+    );
+    $model->predict(Carbon::parse('2024-06-03'));
+})->throws(RuntimeException::class);
+
+it('throws when training data is too thin to fit the model', function () {
+    seedRidgeFixture(8); // not enough training rows after losing first 8 weeks to lags
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+    $model = new RidgeRegressionModel(
+        spec: new FeatureSpec('ridge-test', [
+            new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 3),
+            new UlspMinusMa8($loader),
+        ]),
+        loader: $loader,
+        lambda: 1.0,
+    );
+
+    $training = collect(range(0, 4))->map(fn (int $i): Carbon => Carbon::parse('2024-01-01')->addWeeks($i))->all();
+    $model->train($training);
+})->throws(RuntimeException::class);
+
+it('beats the naive zero-change baseline on the synthetic fixture', function () {
+    seedRidgeFixture(30);
+    $loader = new WeeklyPumpPriceLoader;
+
+    $features = [
+        new DeltaUlspLag($loader, lag: 0),
+        new UlspMinusMa8($loader),
+    ];
+    $ridge = new RidgeRegressionModel(
+        spec: new FeatureSpec('ridge-test', $features),
+        loader: $loader,
+        lambda: 1.0,
+    );
+    $naive = new NaiveZeroChangeModel;
+
+    $runner = new BacktestRunner;
+
+    $ridgeResult = $runner->run(
+        $ridge,
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-04-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-05-06'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-07-22'),
+    );
+
+    $naiveResult = $runner->run(
+        $naive,
+        trainStart: Carbon::parse('2024-01-01'),
+        trainEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-04-29'),
+        evalStart: Carbon::parse('2024-05-06'),
+        evalEnd: Carbon::parse('2024-07-22'),
+    );
+
+    expect((float) $ridgeResult->mae_pence)
+        ->toBeLessThan((float) $naiveResult->mae_pence);
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Phase6Test.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Phase6Test.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..551d828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/Phase6Test.php
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\AccuracyHistory;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\DutyChangeDetector;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\OutcomeResolver;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+function seedFlatPrices(int $weeks, int $duty = 5295): void
+{
+    $start = Carbon::parse('2024-01-01');
+    for ($i = 0; $i < $weeks; $i++) {
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+            'date' => $start->copy()->addWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'ulsp_pence' => 14000,
+            'ulsd_pence' => 15000,
+            'ulsp_duty_pence' => $duty,
+            'ulsd_duty_pence' => $duty,
+            'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+            'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+        ]);
+    }
+}
+
+it('DutyChangeDetector returns false when duty is constant across the window', function () {
+    seedFlatPrices(20);
+
+    $detector = new DutyChangeDetector;
+
+    expect($detector->isAdjacent(Carbon::parse('2024-03-04')))->toBeFalse();
+});
+
+it('DutyChangeDetector returns true when duty changes within ±4 weeks', function () {
+    // 8 weeks at 57.95p, then 8 weeks at 52.95p
+    $start = Carbon::parse('2024-01-01');
+    for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++) {
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+            'date' => $start->copy()->addWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'ulsp_pence' => 14000,
+            'ulsd_pence' => 15000,
+            'ulsp_duty_pence' => 5795,
+            'ulsd_duty_pence' => 5795,
+            'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+            'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+        ]);
+    }
+    for ($i = 8; $i < 16; $i++) {
+        DB::table('weekly_pump_prices')->insert([
+            'date' => $start->copy()->addWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'ulsp_pence' => 14000,
+            'ulsd_pence' => 15000,
+            'ulsp_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsd_duty_pence' => 5295,
+            'ulsp_vat_pct' => 20,
+            'ulsd_vat_pct' => 20,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    $detector = new DutyChangeDetector;
+
+    // Target Mon at week 7 — change happens at week 8 → within ±4 weeks
+    expect($detector->isAdjacent(Carbon::parse('2024-02-19')))->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+it('AccuracyHistory returns null when fewer than 4 outcomes', function () {
+    $history = new AccuracyHistory;
+
+    DB::table('forecast_outcomes')->insert([
+        'forecast_for' => Carbon::now()->subWeeks(2)->toDateString(),
+        'model_version' => 'm1',
+        'predicted_class' => 'rising',
+        'actual_class' => 'rising',
+        'correct' => true,
+        'abs_error_pence' => 50,
+        'resolved_at' => now(),
+    ]);
+
+    expect($history->trailingHitRate('m1'))->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('AccuracyHistory computes hit rate over the last 13 weeks', function () {
+    $history = new AccuracyHistory;
+
+    // 4 correct, 1 wrong → 80%
+    foreach ([true, true, true, true, false] as $i => $correct) {
+        DB::table('forecast_outcomes')->insert([
+            'forecast_for' => Carbon::now()->subWeeks($i + 1)->toDateString(),
+            'model_version' => 'm1',
+            'predicted_class' => 'rising',
+            'actual_class' => $correct ? 'rising' : 'falling',
+            'correct' => $correct,
+            'abs_error_pence' => 50,
+            'resolved_at' => now(),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    expect($history->trailingHitRate('m1'))->toBe(0.8);
+});
+
+it('AccuracyHistory excludes outcomes outside the 13-week window', function () {
+    $history = new AccuracyHistory;
+
+    // 4 inside window (correct), 4 outside (wrong) → 100% inside
+    foreach (range(1, 4) as $i) {
+        DB::table('forecast_outcomes')->insert([
+            'forecast_for' => Carbon::now()->subWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'model_version' => 'm1',
+            'predicted_class' => 'rising',
+            'actual_class' => 'rising',
+            'correct' => true,
+            'abs_error_pence' => 0,
+            'resolved_at' => now(),
+        ]);
+    }
+    foreach (range(20, 23) as $i) {
+        DB::table('forecast_outcomes')->insert([
+            'forecast_for' => Carbon::now()->subWeeks($i)->toDateString(),
+            'model_version' => 'm1',
+            'predicted_class' => 'rising',
+            'actual_class' => 'falling',
+            'correct' => false,
+            'abs_error_pence' => 100,
+            'resolved_at' => now(),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    expect($history->trailingHitRate('m1'))->toBe(1.0);
+});
+
+it('OutcomeResolver pairs forecasts with actual deltas idempotently', function () {
+    seedFlatPrices(20);
+
+    // Insert a forecast for week index 5 (2024-02-05)
+    DB::table('weekly_forecasts')->insert([
+        'forecast_for' => '2024-02-05',
+        'model_version' => 'ridge-test',
+        'direction' => 'rising',
+        'magnitude_pence' => 80,
+        'ridge_confidence' => 60,
+        'flagged_duty_change' => false,
+        'reasoning' => 'test',
+        'generated_at' => now(),
+        'created_at' => now(),
+        'updated_at' => now(),
+    ]);
+
+    // Override now() so the resolver sees the forecast as past.
+    Carbon::setTestNow('2024-02-12');
+
+    $resolver = new OutcomeResolver;
+    $first = $resolver->resolvePending();
+    $second = $resolver->resolvePending();
+
+    expect($first)->toBe(1)
+        ->and($second)->toBe(0); // idempotent on re-run
+
+    $row = DB::table('forecast_outcomes')->where('forecast_for', '2024-02-05')->first();
+    expect($row->predicted_class)->toBe('rising')
+        ->and($row->actual_class)->toBe('flat') // flat data → actual delta = 0
+        ->and((bool) $row->correct)->toBeFalse();
+
+    Carbon::setTestNow();
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/UkBankHolidaysTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/UkBankHolidaysTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e89b17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/UkBankHolidaysTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Services\Forecasting\UkBankHolidays;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+
+it('returns 8 statutory bank holidays per year', function () {
+    expect(UkBankHolidays::forYear(2024))->toHaveCount(8)
+        ->and(UkBankHolidays::forYear(2025))->toHaveCount(8);
+});
+
+it('computes Easter Monday correctly for 2024 (Apr 1)', function () {
+    $dates = array_map(fn ($d): string => $d->toDateString(), UkBankHolidays::forYear(2024));
+    expect($dates)->toContain('2024-04-01'); // Easter Monday
+    expect($dates)->toContain('2024-03-29'); // Good Friday
+});
+
+it('computes the floating Mondays for 2024 correctly', function () {
+    $dates = array_map(fn ($d): string => $d->toDateString(), UkBankHolidays::forYear(2024));
+    expect($dates)->toContain('2024-05-06'); // First Mon of May (Early May)
+    expect($dates)->toContain('2024-05-27'); // Last Mon of May (Spring)
+    expect($dates)->toContain('2024-08-26'); // Last Mon of August (Summer)
+});
+
+it('substitutes Christmas Day forward when it falls on a weekend (2022)', function () {
+    // 2022: Christmas was a Sunday, Boxing Day Monday → Christmas observed Tue Dec 27, Boxing observed Mon Dec 26.
+    $dates = array_map(fn ($d): string => $d->toDateString(), UkBankHolidays::forYear(2022));
+    expect($dates)->toContain('2022-12-26') // Boxing
+        ->and($dates)->toContain('2022-12-27'); // Christmas substituted
+});
+
+it('returns true when a target Monday is itself a bank holiday (Easter Monday 2024)', function () {
+    $monday = Carbon::parse('2024-04-01');
+    expect(UkBankHolidays::holidayWithin($monday, 7))->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+it('returns true when a bank holiday falls within the next 7 days', function () {
+    // Mon 2024-04-01 is Easter Monday. The Monday before (2024-03-25) is pre-bank-holiday week.
+    $weekBefore = Carbon::parse('2024-03-25');
+    expect(UkBankHolidays::holidayWithin($weekBefore, 7))->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+it('returns false for a quiet stretch with no holidays in the window', function () {
+    // Mid-July 2024 — no UK bank holidays in this 7-day window.
+    $monday = Carbon::parse('2024-07-15');
+    expect(UkBankHolidays::holidayWithin($monday, 7))->toBeFalse();
+});
+
+it('handles a window that crosses a year boundary', function () {
+    // Mon 2024-12-30 → window includes New Year's Day 2025 (Wed Jan 1).
+    $monday = Carbon::parse('2024-12-30');
+    expect(UkBankHolidays::holidayWithin($monday, 7))->toBeTrue();
+});
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/VolatilityRegimeServiceTest.php b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/VolatilityRegimeServiceTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac9cbc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Services/Forecasting/VolatilityRegimeServiceTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Models\BrentPrice;
+use App\Models\LlmOverlay;
+use App\Models\VolatilityRegime;
+use App\Models\WatchedEvent;
+use App\Services\ApiLogger;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\LlmOverlayService;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\VolatilityRegimeService;
+use App\Services\Forecasting\WeeklyForecastService;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Config;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+function makeVolatilityService(): VolatilityRegimeService
+{
+    Http::preventStrayRequests();
+    Config::set('services.anthropic.api_key', null); // makes LLM run a no-op
+
+    return new VolatilityRegimeService(
+        new LlmOverlayService(new ApiLogger, app(WeeklyForecastService::class)),
+    );
+}
+
+it('does nothing when there are no triggers', function (): void {
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    $result = $service->evaluate();
+
+    expect($result)->toBeNull()
+        ->and(VolatilityRegime::query()->count())->toBe(0);
+});
+
+it('flips ON when Brent moves more than 3% close-to-close', function (): void {
+    BrentPrice::query()->create(['date' => '2026-04-26', 'price_usd' => 80.00]);
+    BrentPrice::query()->create(['date' => '2026-04-27', 'price_usd' => 84.00]); // +5%
+
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    $row = $service->evaluate();
+
+    expect($row)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($row->trigger)->toBe('brent_move')
+        ->and($row->active)->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+it('does NOT flip on a 2% Brent move (below threshold)', function (): void {
+    BrentPrice::query()->create(['date' => '2026-04-26', 'price_usd' => 80.00]);
+    BrentPrice::query()->create(['date' => '2026-04-27', 'price_usd' => 81.50]); // +1.875%
+
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    expect($service->evaluate())->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('flips ON when the most recent llm_overlay flags a major impact event', function (): void {
+    LlmOverlay::query()->create([
+        'ran_at' => now(),
+        'forecast_for_week' => Carbon::now()->next(Carbon::MONDAY)->toDateString(),
+        'direction' => 'rising',
+        'confidence' => 60,
+        'reasoning' => 'OPEC unexpected cut.',
+        'events_json' => [['headline' => 'OPEC cut', 'source' => 'Reuters', 'url' => 'https://reuters.com/x', 'impact' => 'rising']],
+        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+        'major_impact_event' => true,
+        'volatility_flag_on' => false,
+        'search_used' => true,
+    ]);
+
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    $row = $service->evaluate();
+
+    expect($row)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($row->trigger)->toBe('llm_event');
+});
+
+it('does NOT flip on llm_overlay when no URL is verified', function (): void {
+    LlmOverlay::query()->create([
+        'ran_at' => now(),
+        'forecast_for_week' => Carbon::now()->next(Carbon::MONDAY)->toDateString(),
+        'direction' => 'rising',
+        'confidence' => 60,
+        'reasoning' => '...',
+        'events_json' => [['headline' => 'OPEC cut', 'source' => 'Reuters', 'url' => '', 'impact' => 'rising']],
+        'agrees_with_ridge' => true,
+        'major_impact_event' => true,
+        'volatility_flag_on' => false,
+        'search_used' => true,
+    ]);
+
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    expect($service->evaluate())->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('flips ON when a watched_event covers today', function (): void {
+    WatchedEvent::query()->create([
+        'label' => 'Iran tensions',
+        'starts_at' => Carbon::now()->subDay(),
+        'ends_at' => Carbon::now()->addWeek(),
+        'notes' => 'manually flagged',
+    ]);
+
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    $row = $service->evaluate();
+
+    expect($row)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($row->trigger)->toBe('manual')
+        ->and($row->trigger_detail)->toContain('Iran tensions');
+});
+
+it('flips OFF when no triggers fire while a regime is active', function (): void {
+    $existing = VolatilityRegime::query()->create([
+        'flipped_on_at' => now()->subDay(),
+        'flipped_off_at' => null,
+        'trigger' => 'brent_move',
+        'trigger_detail' => 'Brent +4.2%',
+        'active' => true,
+    ]);
+
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    $result = $service->evaluate();
+
+    expect($result)->toBeNull();
+    $existing->refresh();
+    expect($existing->active)->toBeFalse()
+        ->and($existing->flipped_off_at)->not->toBeNull();
+});
+
+it('keeps the existing regime when a trigger still fires', function (): void {
+    BrentPrice::query()->create(['date' => '2026-04-26', 'price_usd' => 80.00]);
+    BrentPrice::query()->create(['date' => '2026-04-27', 'price_usd' => 84.00]);
+
+    $existing = VolatilityRegime::query()->create([
+        'flipped_on_at' => now()->subHour(),
+        'flipped_off_at' => null,
+        'trigger' => 'brent_move',
+        'trigger_detail' => 'Brent +5%',
+        'active' => true,
+    ]);
+
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    $result = $service->evaluate();
+
+    expect($result?->id)->toBe($existing->id)
+        ->and(VolatilityRegime::query()->count())->toBe(1);
+});
+
+it('skips station_churn trigger when feature flag is off (default)', function (): void {
+    Config::set('services.forecasting.station_churn_enabled', false);
+    $service = makeVolatilityService();
+
+    expect($service->evaluate())->toBeNull();
+});